| 1.2.1 | Variation in vehicle ownership in different groups of countries, classed by income | 25 |
| 1.2.2 | Estimates for transport-related energy consumption | 25 |
| 1.3.1 | Conferences of parties to the framework convention on climate change | 30 |
| 1.3.2 | Evolution in volume of world CO2 emissions | 32 |
| 1.3.3 | CO2 emission and energy production (1995) | 33 |
| 1.3.4 | Energy consumption by sectors (1985 and 1995) | 33 |
| 1.3.5 | Forecasts of energy consumption and CO2 emissions | 34 |
| 2.2.1 | Trends in world motor vehicle fleet | 40 |
| 2.2.2 | Vehicle ownership by UN world region, 1998 | 41 |
| 2.2.3 | Vehicle ownership, rate of increase, income elasticity, by World Bank income category, 1988–1998 | 42 |
| 2.2.4 | Country level vehicle ownership forecast, by World Bank income category | 44 |
| 2.2.5 | Median age of passenger car fleet (years), by country, year | 47 |
| 2.2.6 | New passenger car average engine cubic capacity (cm3) by country by year, selected European countries | 47 |
| 2.2.7 | Trends in U.S. goods movement vehicle fleet, registered vehicles (millions) | 49 |
| 2.2.8 | Trends in U.S. public transport vehicle fleet | 49 |
| 2.2.9 | Trends in European public transport vehicle fleet | 50 |
| 2.2.10 | Explanatory factors for differences in car use, selected countries | 54 |
| 2.2.11 | Surface transport infrastructure per capita | 54 |
| 2.3.1 | Mode shares trends, all person trips, selected urban areas | 58 |
| 2.3.2 | Car ownership, U.S. and Great Britain, 1995, share of persons | 59 |
| 2.3.3 | Average daily person trips, travel distance, travel time, U.S. and Great Britain | 59 |
| 2.3.4 | Mode shares, U.S. and Great Britain | 60 |
| 2.3.5 | Paratransit services in developing countries | 66 |
| 2.3.6 | Freight transport in a German metropolitan area | 72 |
| 2.3.7 | Dominant environmental measures in logistics sector | 76 |
| 2.4.1 | Population growth for U.S. metro areas with 1 million or more population, central and suburban counties | 79 |
| 2.4.2 | City and suburban population shares, France, 1975–1999 | 81 |
| 2.4.3 | City and suburban employment shares, France, 1975–1999 | 81 |
| 2.4.4 | Employment change by type and local authority district, 1984–91–96, in Full-Tire Equivalent, percent | 82 |
| 2.4.5 | Commute flows in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980 and 1990 | 88 |
| 2.4.6 | Journey to work mode choice, 1995, by job location, U.S. | 88 |
| 2.4.7 | Journey to work mode choice, 1995, by job location, Greater London | 88 |
| 3.2.1 | Passenger vehicle emission control in Europe | 110 |
| 3.2.2 | Passenger vehicle emission control in the U.S. | 111 |
| 3.2.3 | Passenger vehicle emission control in Japan | 111 |
| 3.3.1 | Classification of air pollutants by EEA | 114 |
| 3.3.2 | List of mobile source air toxics (MSATs) | 116 |
| 3.3.3 | Environmental standards of WHO, Japan, U.S. and Europe | 118 |
| 3.3.4 | Emission levels of pollutants of vehicle types | 120 |
| 3.3.5 | Reduction rate of major air pollutants in Europe from 1990 to 1999 | 124 |
| 3.3.6 | NOx emission levels in Japanese metropolitan areas | 124 |
| 3.3.7 | Monitoring methods of major air pollutants in Japan | 130 |
| 3.3.8 | Status of air pollution monitoring stations in European countries | 133 |
| 3.3.9 | Number of monitoring stations for each air pollutant in Japan (as of 2000) | 134 |
| 3.4.1 | Pollutant emission levels per unit area (ton/ha) and their correlation | 139 |
| 3.4.2 | Density, modal share, and atmospheric pollution from private vehicles | 140 |
| 3.4.3 | Correlation coefficient between the level of pollutant emissions and index | 144 |
| 3.5.1 | CO2 emission level in major developed countries (2000) | 148 |
| 3.5.2 | CO2 emissions and vehicles per capita for selected countries (1998) | 153 |
| 3.5.3 | Greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles and transport modes in developing countries | 153 |
| 3.5.4 | Policy and investment choices to reduce vehicle use and greenhouse gas emissions | 157 |
| 3.6.1 | Exposure to transport noise in Germany as share of affected population | 169 |
| 3.6.2 | Comparison of percentages of people reporting annoyance because of transport noise in surveys | 170 |
| 3.6.3 | Estimates of shares of Italian population affected by different noise levels in 1997 | 171 |
| 3.6.4 | Measurement of noise levels at 1000 dwellings in the UK in 1990 | 171 |
| 3.6.5 | Number of U.S. citizens exposed to transport noise from different modes | 172 |
| 3.6.6 | Examples of noise levels in developing countries from the WHO report (1999) | 172 |
| 3.6.7 | Noise immission standards of the German 16th BimSchV | 174 |
| 3.6.8 | Zoning system for noise protection in Switzerland | 176 |
| 3.6.9 | Environmental standards for road transport noise in Switzerland according to LSV87 | 176 |
| 3.6.10 | Dutch noise immission standards according to Noise Abatement Act 1979 | 177 |
| 3.6.11 | Japanese noise immission standards according to Environment Agency notification No 64 | 179 |
| 3.6.12 | Noise immission standards for different countries for residential zones and road transport | 181 |
| 4.2.1 | Contribution of strategies to objectives | 200 |
| 4.3.1 | Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies | 203 |
| 4.5.1 | Emission reduction technologies for petrol engines | 224 |
| 4.5.2 | Emission reduction technologies for diesel engines | 224 |
| 4.5.3 | Technologies for vehicles using alternative energies | 225 |
| 4.5.4 | Recent fuel cell powered vehicles | 229 |
| 4.5.5 | Performance comparison of vehicle technology | 232 |
| 4.6.1 | Contributions of different types of instrument to strategies | 234 |
| 4.6.2 | Contribution of policy instruments to objectives in city centres | 235 |
| 4.6.3 | Contribution of policy instruments to objectives in inner suburbs | 235 |
| 4.6.4 | Contribution of policy instruments to objectives in outer suburbs | 236 |
| 4.6.5 | Contribution of policy instruments to objectives in smaller urban areas | 236 |
| 4.8.1 | An integration matrix, illustrating the ways in which policy instruments may contribute to the performance of others | 242 |
| 5.2.1 | Distribution of daily traffic volume on the main road network of Berlin | 260 |
| 5.2.2 | Key data of public transport in Berlin for 1999 | 262 |
| 5.4.1 | Population and motorisation in Istanbul (1980–2000) | 283 |
| 5.4.2 | Modal split of daily motorised trips | 283 |
| 5.4.3 | Emissions caused by road traffic in Istanbul | 284 |
| 5.5.1 | Distribution of population and employment in the Lyon urban area in 1999 | 287 |
| 5.5.2 | Modal distribution for commuting, by urban area and by origin – destination | 287 |
| 5.5.3 | Perception of pollution and living conditions for the French | 290 |
| 5.6.1 | Travel mode shares for Nottingham | 293 |
| 5.6.2 | Air pollution exceedences in Nottingham | 294 |
| 5.7.1 | Rome's public transport statistics (year 2000) | 297 |
| 5.7.2 | Rome municipality area private vehicles fleet size (year 2000) | 298 |
| 5.7.3 | Rome municipality area vehicles, according to the fuel used (2001) | 298 |
| 5.7.4 | Emissions in the Rome municipality area | 299 |
| 5.7.5 | Motorized two wheels fleet size (year 2000) | 299 |
| 5.7.6 | Overall emissions generated by all the motorised modes in the “Tridente” area from 8.00 to 9.00 am, during a working day (year 2001) | 299 |
| 5.7.7 | Average specific CO2 emissions of the Italian car fleet size | 302 |
| 5.8.1 | Air pollution indicators at 15 survey locations, autumn 2001 | 304 |
| 5.9.1 | Primary travel mode for work trips in the SCAG region | 313 |
| 5.13.1 | Key government measures to reduce air pollution | 340 |
| 5.13.2 | Measures included in “contingences scheme” as of September 28th, 2002 | 340 |
| 5.14.1 | Transport policies for a better environment in Nagoya | 350 |
| 5.15.1 | Modal splits for passenger trips in Adelaide | 359 |
| 5.15.2 | Representative air pollutant concentrations in an inner suburb of Adelaide | 361 |
| 5.16.1 | Ambient air quality in general area and at the roadside in Bangkok | 367 |
| 5.16.2 | Annual emissions of Air contaminants in Bangkok, 1997 | 368 |
| 5.17.1 | Surveyed modal split in the main city | 371 |
| 5.17.2 | Comparison of equivalent noise level along roads in 1995 and 2000 | 372 |
| 5.18.1 | Bicycle and motorbike ownership trends | 375 |
| 5.19.1 | Concentration range of major pollutants at different test sites in Kathmandu | 380 |
| 5.19.2 | Monthly average concentration of PM10 at the permanent monitoring stations | 380 |
| 5.20.1 | Registration by vehicle type in metro Manila, 2001 | 384 |
| 5.20.2 | Transport demand by mode in metro Manila, 1996 | 385 |
| 5.20.3 | Greenhouse gas emissions (1994) | 388 |
| 5.21.1 | Air pollutants emission trend by automobiles | 391 |
| 5.21.2 | Energy consumption trend by sector in Korea | 391 |
| 5.21.3 | CO2 emission trend by sector in Korea | 391 |
| 5.22.1 | Demographic trends, population prediction, households, elderly and employment | 394 |
| 5.22.2 | Trends in car ownership and travel | 395 |
| 5.22.3 | Comparison of the atmospheric mean concentration of BC, CO and NO at different sites in Singapore | 399 |
| 5.22.4 | Average traffic noise levels at 4 locations among three different classes of roads in Singapore | 400 |
| 6.1.1 | Major political occurrences concerning transport environment policies | 406 |
| 6.2.1 | Facts and first results of the London area pricing | 410 |
| 6.3.1 | Share of particle emissions due to exhaust and non-exhaust processes | 420 |
| 6.3.2 | Differentiation in use-of-infrastructure charges on heavy goods vehicles on German motorways in cents per vehicle km | 425 |
| 1.2.1 | Variation in vehicle ownership in different groups of countries, classed by income | 25 |
| 1.2.2 | Estimates for transport-related energy consumption | 25 |
| 1.3.1 | Conferences of parties to the framework convention on climate change | 30 |
| 1.3.2 | Evolution in volume of world CO2 emissions | 32 |
| 1.3.3 | CO2 emission and energy production (1995) | 33 |
| 1.3.4 | Energy consumption by sectors (1985 and 1995) | 33 |
| 1.3.5 | Forecasts of energy consumption and CO2 emissions | 34 |
| 2.2.1 | Trends in world motor vehicle fleet | 40 |
| 2.2.2 | Vehicle ownership by UN world region, 1998 | 41 |
| 2.2.3 | Vehicle ownership, rate of increase, income elasticity, by World Bank income category, 1988–1998 | 42 |
| 2.2.4 | Country level vehicle ownership forecast, by World Bank income category | 44 |
| 2.2.5 | Median age of passenger car fleet (years), by country, year | 47 |
| 2.2.6 | New passenger car average engine cubic capacity (cm3) by country by year, selected European countries | 47 |
| 2.2.7 | Trends in U.S. goods movement vehicle fleet, registered vehicles (millions) | 49 |
| 2.2.8 | Trends in U.S. public transport vehicle fleet | 49 |
| 2.2.9 | Trends in European public transport vehicle fleet | 50 |
| 2.2.10 | Explanatory factors for differences in car use, selected countries | 54 |
| 2.2.11 | Surface transport infrastructure per capita | 54 |
| 2.3.1 | Mode shares trends, all person trips, selected urban areas | 58 |
| 2.3.2 | Car ownership, U.S. and Great Britain, 1995, share of persons | 59 |
| 2.3.3 | Average daily person trips, travel distance, travel time, U.S. and Great Britain | 59 |
| 2.3.4 | Mode shares, U.S. and Great Britain | 60 |
| 2.3.5 | Paratransit services in developing countries | 66 |
| 2.3.6 | Freight transport in a German metropolitan area | 72 |
| 2.3.7 | Dominant environmental measures in logistics sector | 76 |
| 2.4.1 | Population growth for U.S. metro areas with 1 million or more population, central and suburban counties | 79 |
| 2.4.2 | City and suburban population shares, France, 1975–1999 | 81 |
| 2.4.3 | City and suburban employment shares, France, 1975–1999 | 81 |
| 2.4.4 | Employment change by type and local authority district, 1984–91–96, in Full-Tire Equivalent, percent | 82 |
| 2.4.5 | Commute flows in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980 and 1990 | 88 |
| 2.4.6 | Journey to work mode choice, 1995, by job location, U.S. | 88 |
| 2.4.7 | Journey to work mode choice, 1995, by job location, Greater London | 88 |
| 3.2.1 | Passenger vehicle emission control in Europe | 110 |
| 3.2.2 | Passenger vehicle emission control in the U.S. | 111 |
| 3.2.3 | Passenger vehicle emission control in Japan | 111 |
| 3.3.1 | Classification of air pollutants by EEA | 114 |
| 3.3.2 | List of mobile source air toxics (MSATs) | 116 |
| 3.3.3 | Environmental standards of WHO, Japan, U.S. and Europe | 118 |
| 3.3.4 | Emission levels of pollutants of vehicle types | 120 |
| 3.3.5 | Reduction rate of major air pollutants in Europe from 1990 to 1999 | 124 |
| 3.3.6 | NOx emission levels in Japanese metropolitan areas | 124 |
| 3.3.7 | Monitoring methods of major air pollutants in Japan | 130 |
| 3.3.8 | Status of air pollution monitoring stations in European countries | 133 |
| 3.3.9 | Number of monitoring stations for each air pollutant in Japan (as of 2000) | 134 |
| 3.4.1 | Pollutant emission levels per unit area (ton/ha) and their correlation | 139 |
| 3.4.2 | Density, modal share, and atmospheric pollution from private vehicles | 140 |
| 3.4.3 | Correlation coefficient between the level of pollutant emissions and index | 144 |
| 3.5.1 | CO2 emission level in major developed countries (2000) | 148 |
| 3.5.2 | CO2 emissions and vehicles per capita for selected countries (1998) | 153 |
| 3.5.3 | Greenhouse gas emissions from vehicles and transport modes in developing countries | 153 |
| 3.5.4 | Policy and investment choices to reduce vehicle use and greenhouse gas emissions | 157 |
| 3.6.1 | Exposure to transport noise in Germany as share of affected population | 169 |
| 3.6.2 | Comparison of percentages of people reporting annoyance because of transport noise in surveys | 170 |
| 3.6.3 | Estimates of shares of Italian population affected by different noise levels in 1997 | 171 |
| 3.6.4 | Measurement of noise levels at 1000 dwellings in the UK in 1990 | 171 |
| 3.6.5 | Number of U.S. citizens exposed to transport noise from different modes | 172 |
| 3.6.6 | Examples of noise levels in developing countries from the WHO report (1999) | 172 |
| 3.6.7 | Noise immission standards of the German 16th BimSchV | 174 |
| 3.6.8 | Zoning system for noise protection in Switzerland | 176 |
| 3.6.9 | Environmental standards for road transport noise in Switzerland according to LSV87 | 176 |
| 3.6.10 | Dutch noise immission standards according to Noise Abatement Act 1979 | 177 |
| 3.6.11 | Japanese noise immission standards according to Environment Agency notification No 64 | 179 |
| 3.6.12 | Noise immission standards for different countries for residential zones and road transport | 181 |
| 4.2.1 | Contribution of strategies to objectives | 200 |
| 4.3.1 | Classification of policy instruments and their contribution to transport and environmental strategies | 203 |
| 4.5.1 | Emission reduction technologies for petrol engines | 224 |
| 4.5.2 | Emission reduction technologies for diesel engines | 224 |
| 4.5.3 | Technologies for vehicles using alternative energies | 225 |
| 4.5.4 | Recent fuel cell powered vehicles | 229 |
| 4.5.5 | Performance comparison of vehicle technology | 232 |
| 4.6.1 | Contributions of different types of instrument to strategies | 234 |
| 4.6.2 | Contribution of policy instruments to objectives in city centres | 235 |
| 4.6.3 | Contribution of policy instruments to objectives in inner suburbs | 235 |
| 4.6.4 | Contribution of policy instruments to objectives in outer suburbs | 236 |
| 4.6.5 | Contribution of policy instruments to objectives in smaller urban areas | 236 |
| 4.8.1 | An integration matrix, illustrating the ways in which policy instruments may contribute to the performance of others | 242 |
| 5.2.1 | Distribution of daily traffic volume on the main road network of Berlin | 260 |
| 5.2.2 | Key data of public transport in Berlin for 1999 | 262 |
| 5.4.1 | Population and motorisation in Istanbul (1980–2000) | 283 |
| 5.4.2 | Modal split of daily motorised trips | 283 |
| 5.4.3 | Emissions caused by road traffic in Istanbul | 284 |
| 5.5.1 | Distribution of population and employment in the Lyon urban area in 1999 | 287 |
| 5.5.2 | Modal distribution for commuting, by urban area and by origin – destination | 287 |
| 5.5.3 | Perception of pollution and living conditions for the French | 290 |
| 5.6.1 | Travel mode shares for Nottingham | 293 |
| 5.6.2 | Air pollution exceedences in Nottingham | 294 |
| 5.7.1 | Rome's public transport statistics (year 2000) | 297 |
| 5.7.2 | Rome municipality area private vehicles fleet size (year 2000) | 298 |
| 5.7.3 | Rome municipality area vehicles, according to the fuel used (2001) | 298 |
| 5.7.4 | Emissions in the Rome municipality area | 299 |
| 5.7.5 | Motorized two wheels fleet size (year 2000) | 299 |
| 5.7.6 | Overall emissions generated by all the motorised modes in the “Tridente” area from 8.00 to 9.00 am, during a working day (year 2001) | 299 |
| 5.7.7 | Average specific CO2 emissions of the Italian car fleet size | 302 |
| 5.8.1 | Air pollution indicators at 15 survey locations, autumn 2001 | 304 |
| 5.9.1 | Primary travel mode for work trips in the SCAG region | 313 |
| 5.13.1 | Key government measures to reduce air pollution | 340 |
| 5.13.2 | Measures included in “contingences scheme” as of September 28th, 2002 | 340 |
| 5.14.1 | Transport policies for a better environment in Nagoya | 350 |
| 5.15.1 | Modal splits for passenger trips in Adelaide | 359 |
| 5.15.2 | Representative air pollutant concentrations in an inner suburb of Adelaide | 361 |
| 5.16.1 | Ambient air quality in general area and at the roadside in Bangkok | 367 |
| 5.16.2 | Annual emissions of Air contaminants in Bangkok, 1997 | 368 |
| 5.17.1 | Surveyed modal split in the main city | 371 |
| 5.17.2 | Comparison of equivalent noise level along roads in 1995 and 2000 | 372 |
| 5.18.1 | Bicycle and motorbike ownership trends | 375 |
| 5.19.1 | Concentration range of major pollutants at different test sites in Kathmandu | 380 |
| 5.19.2 | Monthly average concentration of PM10 at the permanent monitoring stations | 380 |
| 5.20.1 | Registration by vehicle type in metro Manila, 2001 | 384 |
| 5.20.2 | Transport demand by mode in metro Manila, 1996 | 385 |
| 5.20.3 | Greenhouse gas emissions (1994) | 388 |
| 5.21.1 | Air pollutants emission trend by automobiles | 391 |
| 5.21.2 | Energy consumption trend by sector in Korea | 391 |
| 5.21.3 | CO2 emission trend by sector in Korea | 391 |
| 5.22.1 | Demographic trends, population prediction, households, elderly and employment | 394 |
| 5.22.2 | Trends in car ownership and travel | 395 |
| 5.22.3 | Comparison of the atmospheric mean concentration of BC, CO and NO at different sites in Singapore | 399 |
| 5.22.4 | Average traffic noise levels at 4 locations among three different classes of roads in Singapore | 400 |
| 6.1.1 | Major political occurrences concerning transport environment policies | 406 |
| 6.2.1 | Facts and first results of the London area pricing | 410 |
| 6.3.1 | Share of particle emissions due to exhaust and non-exhaust processes | 420 |
| 6.3.2 | Differentiation in use-of-infrastructure charges on heavy goods vehicles on German motorways in cents per vehicle km | 425 |
Sharing content requires targeting cookies to be enabled. Please update your cookie preferences to use this feature.