Table 9.6. Results of regression...

Table 9.6.

Results of regression modelling.

Variables	Neonatal Mortality/ 1,000 Live Births		Infant Mortality/ 1,000 Live Births		Under-five Years Mortality/ 1,000 Live Births		Mortality from Diabetes, Age 19 Years and Under/ 100,000 Population		Mortality from Epilepsy, Age 19 Years and Under/ 100,000 Population
		Two-year lag		Two-year lag		Two-year lag		Two-year lag		Two-year lag
Log GDP per capita PPP	−1.255*** [0.363]	−1.565*** [0.361]	−2.012*** [0.555]	−2.441*** [0.548]	−2.388*** [0.665]	−2.848*** [0.635]	0.018 [0.019]	−0.026 [0.017]	0.091 [0.067]	−0.083 [0.062]
Out-of-pocket as % total health expenditure	0.027** [0.014]	0.036*** [0.014]	0.014 [0.021]	0.036* [0.021]	0.023 [0.025]	0.058** [0.025]	0.002** [0.001]	0.002*** [0.001]	0.004 [0.003]	0.005* [0.003]
% of population in urban areas	−0.026* [0.016]	−0.005 [0.015]	−0.033 [0.024]	0.008 [0.024]	−0.050* [0.028]	−0.014 [0.027]	−0.001 [0.001]	−0.001 [0.001]	0.002 [0.003]	0.003 [0.002]
Paediatricians/100,000 population	−0.017** [0.007]	−0.019*** [0.007]	−0.032*** [0.010]	−0.035*** [0.010]	−0.037*** [0.012]	−0.039*** [0.012]	−0.000 [0.000]	−0.001* [0.000]	−0.000 [0.001]	−0.002* [0.001]
GPs/100,000 population	−0.008* [0.004]	−0.013*** [0.004]	−0.019*** [0.006]	−0.031*** [0.007]	−0.021*** [0.008]	−0.027*** [0.008]	−0.000** [0.000]	−0.000 [0.000]	−0.002*** [0.001]	−0.002** [0.001]
Nurses/100,000 population	0.000 [0.000]	−0.000 [0.000]	0.000 [0.000]	0.000 [0.000]	0.000 [0.000]	0.000 [0.000]	−0.000 [0.000]	0.000 [0.000]	−0.000 [0.000]	0.000 [0.000]
Non-lagged variables
% of population <= 19 years	0.421*** [0.031]	0.321*** [0.033]	0.651*** [0.047]	0.534*** [0.051]	0.763*** [0.056]	0.589*** [0.058]	0.013*** [0.002]	0.011*** [0.002]	0.033*** [0.006]	0.033*** [0.006]

Variables	Neonatal Mortality/ 1,000 Live Births		Infant Mortality/ 1,000 Live Births		Under-five Years Mortality/ 1,000 Live Births		Mortality from Diabetes, Age 19 Years and Under/ 100,000 Population		Mortality from Epilepsy, Age 19 Years and Under/ 100,000 Population
		Two-year lag		Two-year lag		Two-year lag		Two-year lag		Two-year lag
Log GDP per capita PPP	−1.255***[0.363]	−1.565***[0.361]	−2.012***[0.555]	−2.441***[0.548]	−2.388***[0.665]	−2.848***[0.635]	0.018[0.019]	−0.026[0.017]	0.091[0.067]	−0.083[0.062]
Out-of-pocket as % total health expenditure	0.027**[0.014]	0.036***[0.014]	0.014[0.021]	0.036*[0.021]	0.023[0.025]	0.058**[0.025]	0.002**[0.001]	0.002***[0.001]	0.004[0.003]	0.005*[0.003]
% of population in urban areas	−0.026*[0.016]	−0.005[0.015]	−0.033[0.024]	0.008[0.024]	−0.050*[0.028]	−0.014[0.027]	−0.001[0.001]	−0.001[0.001]	0.002[0.003]	0.003[0.002]
Paediatricians/100,000 population	−0.017**[0.007]	−0.019***[0.007]	−0.032***[0.010]	−0.035***[0.010]	−0.037***[0.012]	−0.039***[0.012]	−0.000[0.000]	−0.001*[0.000]	−0.000[0.001]	−0.002*[0.001]
GPs/100,000 population	−0.008*[0.004]	−0.013***[0.004]	−0.019***[0.006]	−0.031***[0.007]	−0.021***[0.008]	−0.027***[0.008]	−0.000**[0.000]	−0.000[0.000]	−0.002***[0.001]	−0.002**[0.001]
Nurses/100,000 population	0.000[0.000]	−0.000[0.000]	0.000[0.000]	0.000[0.000]	0.000[0.000]	0.000[0.000]	−0.000[0.000]	0.000[0.000]	−0.000[0.000]	0.000[0.000]
Non-lagged variables
% of population <= 19 years	0.421***[0.031]	0.321***[0.033]	0.651***[0.047]	0.534***[0.051]	0.763***[0.056]	0.589***[0.058]	0.013***[0.002]	0.011***[0.002]	0.033***[0.006]	0.033***[0.006]

Financing (state=1 vs societal=0)

−0.008
[0.660]

0.060
[0.602]

0.149
[1.030]

0.120
[0.953]

0.084
[1.147]

0.078
[1.020]

−0.001
[0.021]

−0.004
[0.017]

−0.004
[0.090]

−0.031
[0.077]

Service provision (state=1 vs private=0)

−1.072
[0.723]

−0.994
[0.662]

−2.075*
[1.128]

−2.007*
[1.047]

−2.254*
[1.259]

−1.994*
[1.123]

−0.022
[0.023]

−0.014
[0.019]

−0.215**
[0.099]

−0.164*
[0.085]

Primary care overall score (strong= 1 vs weak=0)

0.229
[0.693]

0.178
[0.637]

0.413
[1.080]

0.538
[1.005]

0.556
[1.208]

0.549
[1.082]

0.049**
[0.023]

0.037*
[0.019]

0.216**
[0.096]

0.176**
[0.083]

Primary care overall score (medium= 1 vs weak=0)

0.148
[0.682]

0.281
[0.627]

0.229
[1.063]

0.670
[0.989]

0.219
[1.189]

0.593
[1.064]

0.027
[0.023]

0.025
[0.019]

0.144
[0.095]

0.130
[0.082]

Constant

9.194
[4.402]

13.131
[4.379]

15.295
[6.742]

19.474
[6.692]

18.966
[8.002]

24.404
[7.658]

−0.320
[0.222]

0.111
[0.197]

−1.414
[0.780]

0.271
[0.717]

Observations

166

164

166

164

166

164

166

Number of countries

Note: Standard errors in brackets; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.10.

[ViewLarge]

Financing (state=1 vs societal=0)	−0.008[0.660]	0.060[0.602]	0.149[1.030]	0.120[0.953]	0.084[1.147]	0.078[1.020]	−0.001[0.021]	−0.004[0.017]	−0.004[0.090]	−0.031[0.077]
Service provision (state=1 vs private=0)	−1.072[0.723]	−0.994[0.662]	−2.075*[1.128]	−2.007*[1.047]	−2.254*[1.259]	−1.994*[1.123]	−0.022[0.023]	−0.014[0.019]	−0.215**[0.099]	−0.164*[0.085]
Primary care overall score (strong= 1 vs weak=0)	0.229[0.693]	0.178[0.637]	0.413[1.080]	0.538[1.005]	0.556[1.208]	0.549[1.082]	0.049**[0.023]	0.037*[0.019]	0.216**[0.096]	0.176**[0.083]
Primary care overall score (medium= 1 vs weak=0)	0.148[0.682]	0.281[0.627]	0.229[1.063]	0.670[0.989]	0.219[1.189]	0.593[1.064]	0.027[0.023]	0.025[0.019]	0.144[0.095]	0.130[0.082]
Constant	9.194[4.402]	13.131[4.379]	15.295[6.742]	19.474[6.692]	18.966[8.002]	24.404[7.658]	−0.320[0.222]	0.111[0.197]	−1.414[0.780]	0.271[0.717]
Observations	166	164	166	164	166	164	166	166	166	166
Number of countries	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23	23

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