Table 4 Papers in the “promote learning”...

Table 4

Papers in the “promote learning” category

Author	Year	Research design	Empirical context in paper	Project management aspect	Gamification elements
Baird and Flavell	1981	Simulation	Students in PM education	Rules, roles, flow, challenges	decision-making
Martin	2000	design and use of simulation game	University and electricity-generating plant	Simulation, points, leaderboard, measuring improvement	Digital game to practice managing projects
Johansson et al	2002	Collaborative/participative design (of workplaces)	IT professionals, furniture designers, facility managers and telecommunication developers engaged in several workshops across four months with the aim of designing the future office	role-play	Participation
Perng et al	2006	Design and development of bidding game	24 participants from construction industry played the game in groups	scores, simulation, rounds, rules, “fortune cards”	learning about (project) bidding
Goulding et al	2007	Survey + action research	School children	Role-play	user involvement
Hastak et al	2007	Survey + design	Conceptual	rules, flow	n/a
Sacks et al	2007	Live game followed by computer simulation	Project nanagers, construction engineers, site supervisors, graduate construction management students, undergraduate civil engineering students	role-play and simulation	planning
El-Tayeh et al	2008	Design and testing of game prototype	Students in computer lab	Social interaction	socialization as means for individual satisfaction, team efficiency and team effectiveness
Broberg	2010	Experiment	game tested in three cases, one test described in paper	game board with layout
Isaacs et al	2011	Design and testing of virtual reality (VR) prototype	Pilot testing of prototype	simulation; visualization	3D to enhance dialogue/communication between stakeholders
Goulding et al	2012	Design and testing of VR prototype	Off-site-production development people	simulation	learning decision-making and planning
Guo et al	2012	Simulation and comparative study	Students	Competition (for pet ownership through feeding pets)	sharing (crowdsourcing)
Li et al	2012	Design of (4D) safety assessment method	Construction workers, engineers, safety officers and construction managers tested and assessed the system	simulation, visualization	training
Li et al	2015	Design and testing of (4D) resource planning tool	Design based on real construction project, the project team used the tool and gave feedback on it	simulation, visualization	optimization of project planning
Hannula and Irrmann	2016	Experiment	Students and industry people	rules, flow, role-play	game structures dialogue between stakeholders in project planning and execution; enhance collaboration
Merschbrock et al	2016	Design and testing of building information model (BIM)/gaming system for healthcare (e.g. hospital) design	Design based on real construction project; researchers conducted focus groups and interviews with practitioners who had tested the system	Visualization, role-play, scenarios	learning spatial layout
Van Den Berg et al	2017	Construction managers played a board game and reflected	64 construction managers	story, rules, roles	coordinating supply-chain activities
Rumeser and Emsley	2019	Design and testing of two project management decision games	285 students in a project management course for PM professionals (varying years of experience) played the games	simulation, role-play	learning decision-making
Rumeser and Emsley	2018	Testing if games or simulation is best to learn project management decision-making	Students in a project management course for PM professionals (varying years of experience) played the games and did simulation	simulation vs. role-play	learning decision-making
Solan and Shtub	2021	Experiment with simulation for hypothesis testing	(mainly graduate) students in different PM courses	simulation, goal setting, rules, time pressure, competition	planning

Author	Year	Research design	Empirical context in paper	Project management aspect	Gamification elements
Baird and Flavell	1981	Simulation	Students in PM education	Rules, roles, flow, challenges	decision-making
Martin	2000	design and use of simulation game	University and electricity-generating plant	Simulation, points, leaderboard, measuring improvement	Digital game to practice managing projects
Johansson et al	2002	Collaborative/participative design (of workplaces)	IT professionals, furniture designers, facility managers and telecommunication developers engaged in several workshops across four months with the aim of designing the future office	role-play	Participation
Perng et al	2006	Design and development of bidding game	24 participants from construction industry played the game in groups	scores, simulation, rounds, rules, “fortune cards”	learning about (project) bidding
Goulding et al	2007	Survey + action research	School children	Role-play	user involvement
Hastak et al	2007	Survey + design	Conceptual	rules, flow	n/a
Sacks et al	2007	Live game followed by computer simulation	Project nanagers, construction engineers, site supervisors, graduate construction management students, undergraduate civil engineering students	role-play and simulation	planning
El-Tayeh et al	2008	Design and testing of game prototype	Students in computer lab	Social interaction	socialization as means for individual satisfaction, team efficiency and team effectiveness
Broberg	2010	Experiment	game tested in three cases, one test described in paper	game board with layout
Isaacs et al	2011	Design and testing of virtual reality (VR) prototype	Pilot testing of prototype	simulation; visualization	3D to enhance dialogue/communication between stakeholders
Goulding et al	2012	Design and testing of VR prototype	Off-site-production development people	simulation	learning decision-making and planning
Guo et al	2012	Simulation and comparative study	Students	Competition (for pet ownership through feeding pets)	sharing (crowdsourcing)
Li et al	2012	Design of (4D) safety assessment method	Construction workers, engineers, safety officers and construction managers tested and assessed the system	simulation, visualization	training
Li et al	2015	Design and testing of (4D) resource planning tool	Design based on real construction project, the project team used the tool and gave feedback on it	simulation, visualization	optimization of project planning
Hannula and Irrmann	2016	Experiment	Students and industry people	rules, flow, role-play	game structures dialogue between stakeholders in project planning and execution; enhance collaboration
Merschbrock et al	2016	Design and testing of building information model (BIM)/gaming system for healthcare (e.g. hospital) design	Design based on real construction project; researchers conducted focus groups and interviews with practitioners who had tested the system	Visualization, role-play, scenarios	learning spatial layout
Van Den Berg et al	2017	Construction managers played a board game and reflected	64 construction managers	story, rules, roles	coordinating supply-chain activities
Rumeser and Emsley	2019	Design and testing of two project management decision games	285 students in a project management course for PM professionals (varying years of experience) played the games	simulation, role-play	learning decision-making
Rumeser and Emsley	2018	Testing if games or simulation is best to learn project management decision-making	Students in a project management course for PM professionals (varying years of experience) played the games and did simulation	simulation vs. role-play	learning decision-making
Solan and Shtub	2021	Experiment with simulation for hypothesis testing	(mainly graduate) students in different PM courses	simulation, goal setting, rules, time pressure, competition	planning

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