Table 5 Applications of 3DP for cultural... | Emerald Publishing

Table 5

Applications of 3DP for cultural heritage rehabilitation

Institution/Company	Project	Findings/Innovation	Material(s)	Manufacturing place	Source
Huazhong University of Science and Technology (China)	Reproduction of a damaged cup-shaped plinth	Work comprised 3D scanning, modelling and 3DP of a new plinth	Cement based-mortar for 3DP	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	Xu et al. (2017)
IDA and UNESCO	Recreation of Palmyra's Arch of Triumph	Work was based on 2D pictures of the original arch; two RobotMills robots printed several blocks; final structure has 6 m tall and 11 tonnes	Egyptian marble	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	Jalabi (2016), Alexandrea (2017)
3DION 3D network and voxeljet	Replication of Michael portal's patrons from Cologne Cathedral	3D scanning of patrons and 3D model production; binder jetting technique to produce the replicas; post-processing (cleaning and application of epoxy resin)	PMMA powder	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	Voxeljet (2020)
Sismaitalia	Temporary replacement of grand Spada Palace capitals	Double printing of capitals (due to the dual printhead); after printed, a plaster finish was applied, followed by painting in the same colour	Polystyrene	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	MASSIVit 3D (2018)
Concr3de	Replication of Notre-Dame Cathedral's gargoyle	Available scans of the gargoyle were found on the Internet; a 3D printer with a precision of 0.1 mm was used to print the replicas	Mixture of limestone and ash	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	deezen (2019)
edg	Restoration of building façade elements	Creation of a 3D printer “formwork”, laser cut wire mesh and 3D printed stirrups (for reinforcement); the “formwork” is later filled with concrete	Cast concrete	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	The Architect's Newspaper (2018)
IAAC	Mataerial	3DP of 3D curves, in any surface and direction	–	In situ	IAAC (2018)
HOLCIM	3D vertical printing	3DP of specific mortars vertically and directly onto walls, for ornamental purposes	3DP dry mortar (cementitious materials or natural hydraulic lime)	In situ	HOLCIM (2020)
RWTH Aachen University (Germany)	Vertical extrusion of foam concrete	Vertical extrusion of foam concrete onto walls	Foam concrete	In situ	Lublasser et al. (2018)
Nanyang Technological University (Singapore)	Vertical extrusion of cementitious materials with fly ash cenosphere	Vertical extrusion of cementitious materials with fly ash cenosphere onto walls	Cementitious materials with fly ash cenosphere	In situ	Bing et al. (2018)

Institution/Company	Project	Findings/Innovation	Material(s)	Manufacturing place	Source
Huazhong University of Science and Technology (China)	Reproduction of a damaged cup-shaped plinth	Work comprised 3D scanning, modelling and 3DP of a new plinth	Cement based-mortar for 3DP	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	Xu et al. (2017)
IDA and UNESCO	Recreation of Palmyra's Arch of Triumph	Work was based on 2D pictures of the original arch; two RobotMills robots printed several blocks; final structure has 6 m tall and 11 tonnes	Egyptian marble	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	Jalabi (2016), Alexandrea (2017)
3DION 3D network and voxeljet	Replication of Michael portal's patrons from Cologne Cathedral	3D scanning of patrons and 3D model production; binder jetting technique to produce the replicas; post-processing (cleaning and application of epoxy resin)	PMMA powder	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	Voxeljet (2020)
Sismaitalia	Temporary replacement of grand Spada Palace capitals	Double printing of capitals (due to the dual printhead); after printed, a plaster finish was applied, followed by painting in the same colour	Polystyrene	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	MASSIVit 3D (2018)
Concr3de	Replication of Notre-Dame Cathedral's gargoyle	Available scans of the gargoyle were found on the Internet; a 3D printer with a precision of 0.1 mm was used to print the replicas	Mixture of limestone and ash	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	deezen (2019)
edg	Restoration of building façade elements	Creation of a 3D printer “formwork”, laser cut wire mesh and 3D printed stirrups (for reinforcement); the “formwork” is later filled with concrete	Cast concrete	Off-site; piece later assembled in situ	The Architect's Newspaper (2018)
IAAC	Mataerial	3DP of 3D curves, in any surface and direction	–	In situ	IAAC (2018)
HOLCIM	3D vertical printing	3DP of specific mortars vertically and directly onto walls, for ornamental purposes	3DP dry mortar (cementitious materials or natural hydraulic lime)	In situ	HOLCIM (2020)
RWTH Aachen University (Germany)	Vertical extrusion of foam concrete	Vertical extrusion of foam concrete onto walls	Foam concrete	In situ	Lublasser et al. (2018)
Nanyang Technological University (Singapore)	Vertical extrusion of cementitious materials with fly ash cenosphere	Vertical extrusion of cementitious materials with fly ash cenosphere onto walls	Cementitious materials with fly ash cenosphere	In situ	Bing et al. (2018)