Common causes of disputes by categories
| Category of disputes | Causes of disputes |
|---|---|
| Client-related |
|
| Contractor-related |
|
| Design-related |
|
| Contract-related |
|
| Human behaviour-related |
|
| Project-related |
|
| External factors |
|
| Category of disputes | Causes of disputes |
|---|---|
| Client-related | Variations initiated by the owner Change of scope Late giving of possession Acceleration Unrealistic expectations Payment delays |
| Contractor-related | Delays in work progress Time extensions Financial failure of the contractor Technical inadequacy of the contractor Tendering Quality of works |
| Design-related | Design errors Unclear specifications Quality of design Availability of information |
| Contract-related | Double-meaning words in contract documents Different interpretations of the contract provisions Risk allocation |
| Human behaviour-related | Adversarial/controversial culture Poor communication Lack of team spirit |
| Project-related | Construction site conditions Unexpected variations |
| External factors | Adverse weather conditions Legal and economic factors Fragmented structure of the sector |
Source(s): Cakmak and Cakmak (2014), p. 184
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