Table 3

Theories for BC steps

StepTheory
2. Conduct needs assessmentResource-based view theory
Value/benefit management approach
Paradox theory
Practical wisdom theory
6. Select measuresUtility theory
7. Identify stakeholdersStakeholder theory
Theory of corporate social responsibility
8. Explore interrelationshipsSupply and demand theory
Trade-off hypothesis
Social impact hypothesis
Available funds hypothesis
Coordination theory
Variance theory
11. Appraise relevant costsActivity management approach
13. Provide financial calculationsFuzzy set theory
14. Perform risk/sensitivity analysisReal options theory
Game theory
Institutional theory
16. Prioritise and decideManagerial opportunism hypothesis
Cognitive framing
Agency theory
Cognitive categorisation theory
17. Communicate implementationSignalling theory
Legitimacy theory
18–20. Monitor and (re-) evaluateTotal quality management approach
BC process in totalProcess theory
Theory of Change
Complex systems theory
Control theory

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