8

3

execute

33

5

priorities, calculate required improvement levels

80

4

impact

35

7

costs

benefits

132

5

jointly develop BC with the customer

present + negotiate next steps

119

8

Plan - base decisions on evidence

Plan-evaluate decisions based on lifecycle cost

121

7

ROI

communication

115

7

financial analysis

build BC

55

7

CBA analysis

decision point

14 + 41+257

8

assemble BC and present to stakeholders

prioritise against other projects + plan project and update

158

5

viable options (costs & benefits)

justification and recommendation

166

4

project information forecast

project information consolidated

249

5

costs and benefits

decision analysis

263

5

costs & risks

Approve

290

5

construct decision matrix

determine preference order

82

6

evidencing outcomes + impact

SROI

reporting, using and embeddings

97

5

causal loop modelling

dynamic modelling

scenario planning & modelling

23

8

appraise alternatives against criteria

derive importance weighing for criteria

final ranking of alternatives

48

7

costs

benefits

Risks

95

5

techno- economic analysis

justification & benefit allocation

sensitivity analysis & investment management

148+267

6

costs (& risks)

explicit value each benefit

(costs &) risks

187

6

alternatives costs and trade-offs

startup funding, revenues/costs estimate (ROI)

milestones, accountabilities, and dependencies, risks and contingency plans

228

10

cost

reduced expenditure or costs

ROI

230

5

forecast benefits and costs

weigh benefits and costs for different stakeholders

evaluate alternative work practices

11

4

define costs

ROI

economic measures (CBA)

sensitivity analyses

127

4

standard net present value analysis

identify uncertainties

identify flexibility

calculate option value

130

9

costs

benefits

risk assessment*

project planning & governance*

191

9

costs

financial or other benefits

financial impact

make the case for your BC

221

14

costs and benefits

impact on business performance

probability of success

prioritize

60

6

appraisal of options, incl do nothing

benefits and dis-benefits

cost and investment appraisal

risks and impact

project delivery timescales and anticipated benefits

62

19

cost

qualitative benefits/outcome

financial benefits (ROI)

dis-benefits

risks/constraint

81

6

determine costs

estimate benefits

ROI

compare ROI to hurdle rate

sensitivity analysis

195

11

cash flows

select a measure of ROI

discount rate

adjusting for inflation

organisational readiness

216

6

costs

benefits

consider perspective

incorporate time

uncertainties

Note(s): * order of this step was changed to original paper