TableĀ 4

Differences in RO between first-generation family firm and non-family firm operating in a complex and dynamic environment

Different foci of the firms' RO processes
First-generation family firmNon-family firm
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    Emphasis on mapping recruits' and employees' values: the founder had personal conversations with all employees to learn what was important for them (structuring)

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    Individualism was not welcome: top management did not like career-focused co-workers and competition among them; rather, collectivism was idealized (structuring)

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    Responsibility-focused team culture: the fundamental importance of collective responsibility was emphasized (bundling)

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    Customers were included in autonomous teams: direct customer contact was described as essential for the business (leveraging)

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    The importance of individual competence was stressed (structuring)

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    Career opportunities, concomitant salary development, and low employee turnover were described as crucial for the business (structuring)

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    The importance of documentation processes was described as fundamental (bundling)

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    Team orientation, but with four clear levels of emergent hierarchy identified (bundling)

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    For efficiency, the teams were assumed not to have direct customer contact; rather, a layer of service delivery managers and analysts handle direct customer contact (leveraging)

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