Table 1 The four stages of the SML... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

The four stages of the SML design and their theoretical support

Doppelt's (2004, 2009) six stages of the CDP	English et al.'s (2017) EDP	SML process: four stages
1. Defining the problem and identifying the need: describe target clientele and define the restrictions that must be taken into consideration	1. Problem scoping: foundational stage of the design process, identify issues to be addressed and constraints to be met	Stage 1 Building curiosity: engaging with technology through play and discovery. Encouraging students to wonder and pique their interest by asking and answering questions
2. Collecting information: textbooks, journals, Internet sites, etc. Organize and synthesize the information	2. Idea creation: brainstorming, sharing ideas and planning	Stage 2 Collecting data and facts: gathering ideas and facts (from books, articles, images, experts and websites) to solve a problem or create something new
3. Introducing alternative solutions 4. Choosing the optimal solution: consider all the facts, identify the strengths and weaknesses, and get peer feedback 5. Designing and constructing a prototype	3. Designing and constructing: sketching the design and creating 3-D models 4. Redesigning and reconstructing: design iteration and improvement of the initial product by identifying the inadequacies of their solution	Stage 3 Making and refining: creating a prototype, testing and refining their design. Encouraging students to take risks, make mistakes and persevere
6. Evaluation: occurs at the end only for the purpose of documentation The CDP is a lateral thinking tool with reflection and evaluation of each of the stages in a nonlinear process	5. Design assessment: testing the design and assessing the constraints The process can be described as iterative in nature as students test, revise and revisit the other stages to develop alternative solutions	Stage 4 Reflecting, applying and thinking forward: students reflecting upon their work (what worked, what did not work and next steps or iterations) and sharing it with an authentic audience during the evaluation stage

Doppelt's (2004, 2009) six stages of the CDP	English et al.'s (2017) EDP	SML process: four stages
1. Defining the problem and identifying the need: describe target clientele and define the restrictions that must be taken into consideration	1. Problem scoping: foundational stage of the design process, identify issues to be addressed and constraints to be met	Stage 1Building curiosity: engaging with technology through play and discovery. Encouraging students to wonder and pique their interest by asking and answering questions
2. Collecting information: textbooks, journals, Internet sites, etc. Organize and synthesize the information	2. Idea creation: brainstorming, sharing ideas and planning	Stage 2Collecting data and facts: gathering ideas and facts (from books, articles, images, experts and websites) to solve a problem or create something new
3. Introducing alternative solutions 4. Choosing the optimal solution: consider all the facts, identify the strengths and weaknesses, and get peer feedback 5. Designing and constructing a prototype	3. Designing and constructing: sketching the design and creating 3-D models 4. Redesigning and reconstructing: design iteration and improvement of the initial product by identifying the inadequacies of their solution	Stage 3Making and refining: creating a prototype, testing and refining their design. Encouraging students to take risks, make mistakes and persevere
6. Evaluation: occurs at the end only for the purpose of documentation The CDP is a lateral thinking tool with reflection and evaluation of each of the stages in a nonlinear process	5. Design assessment: testing the design and assessing the constraints The process can be described as iterative in nature as students test, revise and revisit the other stages to develop alternative solutions	Stage 4Reflecting, applying and thinking forward: students reflecting upon their work (what worked, what did not work and next steps or iterations) and sharing it with an authentic audience during the evaluation stage