Table 2

Technology acceptance theories and its criticisms

TheoryComponents of the theoryThe limitation of the theory
TPBThe theory explains that people's behavior is connected to various beliefs. The theory pinpoints three main components that shape behavioral intentions: attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control, (Source: Ajzen, 1991)TPB does not wholesomely explain human behavior as others variables are deemed vital to explain intentions, such as fear, mood, or past experience (Davis et al., 1989)
TPB considers normative influences, but does not take into account environmental, emotional, or economic factors that may influence behavior intention (Mehrabian & Russell, 1974; Belanche et al., 2019)
TPB may not be suitable for technology as it does not reflect product features (Sindhu and Namratha, 2019)
TAMThe theory explains that there are two factors that determine whether a computer system will be accepted by individuals: perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use. (Source: Davis, 1989)TAM ignores the influence of individual differences and environmental variables (Bagozzi, 2007; Marangunić & Granić, 2015; Momani, 2020)
TAM focuses on cognition (comprehend through rationalization and experience) rather than affect (comprehend through emotions and moods) (Momani, 2020; Almomani et al., 2022)
PADThe theory explains that pleasure, arousal and dominance reflect the assorted people's feelings and emotional reactions toward objects. (Source: Mehrabian & Russell, 1974)PAD measures consumers' emotional responses, ignoring the drive that initially allowed consumers to consider the technology usage (Koufaris, 2002)
PAD neglects product-related and environment features that encourage technology acceptance (Momani, 2020)
PAD ignores people's propensity to embrace and use new technologies to accomplish goals in home life and at work (Parasuraman, 2000)
TRIThe theory explains the emotions (positive and negative technology-related reactions: optimism, innovativeness, discomfort and insecurity) that consumers feel toward using new technologies, regulating its usage tendency (Source: Parasuraman, 2000)TRI focuses on consumers' traits in explaining technology usage, neglecting the product features as well purpose (Parasuraman, 2000). 
TRI does not mention the technology relative importance (Momani, 2020)

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