Results of panel-regression models (random-effects model) with absolute values and real numbers
| Variables | Dependent variable: CAPDEV(A) in absolute values | Dependent variable: CAPDEV(R) in real numbers | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample contexts | Sample contexts | |||||||
| Total | Public administration | Corporation | Cooperation | Total | Public administration | Corporation | Cooperation | |
| C | 1.6054** (0.5513) | 1.9910** (0.6741) | 3.2552** (1.2524) | 2.1414† (1.2760) | −2.1591** (0.6745) | −2.8332** (0.7739) | −3.6954* (1.8539) | −2.3875 (1.4606) |
| LAGCAPDEV(A) | 0.3032** (0.0360) | 0.2705** (0.0489) | 0.2942** (0.0563) | 0.2742 (0.0667) | ||||
| LAGCAPDEV(R) | 0.3603** (0.0354) | 0.3185** (0.0470) | 0.4209** (0.0700) | 0.4129** (0.0620) | ||||
| External environment | ||||||||
| LOGPOP | −0.0438** (0.0112) | −0.0248† (0.0149) | −0.0933** (0.0203) | −0.0431† (0.0242) | 0.0164 (0.0139) | 0.0089 (0.0171) | 0.0242 (0.0296) | 0.0136 (0.0257) |
| LOGTAXBASE | −0.0817 (0.0890) | −0.1650 (0.1074) | −0.2690 (0.1963) | −0.2617 (0.2132) | 0.2238* (0.1043) | 0.3188** (0.1191) | 0.4912 (0.3027) | 0.3402 (0.2353) |
| TAXRATE | −0.021* (0.0095) | −0.03* (0.0122) | −0.0235 (0.0180) | −0.0129 (0.0172) | 0.0347** (0.0115) | 0.0460** (0.0148) | 0.0500 (0.0269) | 0.0276 (0.0217) |
| FEELEVEL | −0.0005 (0.0005) | −0.0005 (0.0006) | −0.0033** (0.0009) | 0.0005 (0.0013) | −0.0002 (0.0006) | 0.0002 (0.0008) | 0.0006† (0.0014) | −0.0011 (0.0015) |
| Political situation | ||||||||
| PREELEC | −0.0185 (0.0187) | −0.0158 (0.0257) | −0.0448 (0.0318) | −0.0251 (0.0350) | −0.0026 (0.0243) | 0.0155 (0.0306) | 0.0071 (0.0554) | −0.0346 (0.0439) |
| ELEC | 0.0154 (0.0200) | 0.0162 (0.0255) | −0.0353 (0.0412) | 0.0477 (0.0408) | −0.0435 (0.0261) | −0.0359 (0.0323) | 0.0238 (0.0577) | −0.0953 (0.0540) |
| POSTELEC | −0.0164 (0.0229) | −0.0056 (0.0298) | −0.0650 (0.0423) | −0.0064 (0.0427) | −0.0146 (0.0291) | −0.0035 (0.0375) | 0.0002 (0.0649) | −0.0311 (0.0465) |
| RIGHT | 0.0037 (0.0187) | −0.0181 (0.0239) | −0.0023 (0.0368) | 0.0528 (0.0374) | 0.0240 (0.0245) | 0.0306 (0.0320) | 0.0784 (0.0587) | −0.0152 (0.0500) |
| COAL | −0.0138 (0.0191) | −0.0319 (0.0252) | 0.0058 (0.0331) | −0.0097 (0.0370) | 0.0303 (0.0219) | 0.0564† (0.0312) | 0.0034 (0.0361) | 0.0005 (0.0386) |
| MINOR | −0.0343* (0.0156) | −0.0457* (0.0209) | −0.0235 (0.0292) | −0.0284 (0.0308) | 0.0473* (0.0194) | 0.0707* (0.0281) | 0.0136 (0.0412) | 0.0141 (0.0328) |
| Financial situation | ||||||||
| LIQ | 0.0001 (0.0001) | 0.0001 (0.0002) | −0.0003 (0.0004) | 0.0004 (0.0004) | −0.0001 (0.0002) | 0.0000 (0.0002) | −0.0001 (0.0005) | −0.0003 (0.0004) |
| SOL | −0.0004 (0.0007) | 0.0004 (0.0010) | −0.0015 (0.0011) | −0.0015 (0.0011) | 0.0002 (0.0009) | −0.0001 (0.0012) | −0.0016 (0.0022) | 0.0016 (0.0014) |
| Governance forms | ||||||||
| CORP | 0.0094 (0.0191) | 0.0564 (0.0418) | 0.0297 (0.0229) | −0.0272 (0.0439) | ||||
| COOP | −0.0103 (0.0174) | 0.0795** (0.0301) | −0.0086 (0.0200) | −0.1015** (0.0365) | ||||
| N | 1,190 | 715 | 315 | 305 | 1,190 | 715 | 315 | 305 |
| R2 | 0.1340 | 0.0934 | 0.2435 | 0.1889 | 0.1285 | 0.1095 | 0.1391 | 0.1725 |
| Variables | Dependent variable: CAPDEV( | Dependent variable: CAPDEV( | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample contexts | Sample contexts | |||||||
| Total | Public administration | Corporation | Cooperation | Total | Public administration | Corporation | Cooperation | |
| 1.6054** (0.5513) | 1.9910** (0.6741) | 3.2552** (1.2524) | 2.1414† (1.2760) | −2.1591** (0.6745) | −2.8332** (0.7739) | −3.6954* (1.8539) | −2.3875 (1.4606) | |
| LAGCAPDEV( | 0.3032** (0.0360) | 0.2705** (0.0489) | 0.2942** (0.0563) | 0.2742 (0.0667) | ||||
| LAGCAPDEV( | 0.3603** (0.0354) | 0.3185** (0.0470) | 0.4209** (0.0700) | 0.4129** (0.0620) | ||||
| LOGPOP | −0.0438** (0.0112) | −0.0248† (0.0149) | −0.0933** (0.0203) | −0.0431† (0.0242) | 0.0164 (0.0139) | 0.0089 (0.0171) | 0.0242 (0.0296) | 0.0136 (0.0257) |
| LOGTAXBASE | −0.0817 (0.0890) | −0.1650 (0.1074) | −0.2690 (0.1963) | −0.2617 (0.2132) | 0.2238* (0.1043) | 0.3188** (0.1191) | 0.4912 (0.3027) | 0.3402 (0.2353) |
| TAXRATE | −0.021* (0.0095) | −0.03* (0.0122) | −0.0235 (0.0180) | −0.0129 (0.0172) | 0.0347** (0.0115) | 0.0460** (0.0148) | 0.0500 (0.0269) | 0.0276 (0.0217) |
| FEELEVEL | −0.0005 (0.0005) | −0.0005 (0.0006) | −0.0033** (0.0009) | 0.0005 (0.0013) | −0.0002 (0.0006) | 0.0002 (0.0008) | 0.0006† (0.0014) | −0.0011 (0.0015) |
| PREELEC | −0.0185 (0.0187) | −0.0158 (0.0257) | −0.0448 (0.0318) | −0.0251 (0.0350) | −0.0026 (0.0243) | 0.0155 (0.0306) | 0.0071 (0.0554) | −0.0346 (0.0439) |
| ELEC | 0.0154 (0.0200) | 0.0162 (0.0255) | −0.0353 (0.0412) | 0.0477 (0.0408) | −0.0435 (0.0261) | −0.0359 (0.0323) | 0.0238 (0.0577) | −0.0953 (0.0540) |
| POSTELEC | −0.0164 (0.0229) | −0.0056 (0.0298) | −0.0650 (0.0423) | −0.0064 (0.0427) | −0.0146 (0.0291) | −0.0035 (0.0375) | 0.0002 (0.0649) | −0.0311 (0.0465) |
| RIGHT | 0.0037 (0.0187) | −0.0181 (0.0239) | −0.0023 (0.0368) | 0.0528 (0.0374) | 0.0240 (0.0245) | 0.0306 (0.0320) | 0.0784 (0.0587) | −0.0152 (0.0500) |
| COAL | −0.0138 (0.0191) | −0.0319 (0.0252) | 0.0058 (0.0331) | −0.0097 (0.0370) | 0.0303 (0.0219) | 0.0564† (0.0312) | 0.0034 (0.0361) | 0.0005 (0.0386) |
| MINOR | −0.0343* (0.0156) | −0.0457* (0.0209) | −0.0235 (0.0292) | −0.0284 (0.0308) | 0.0473* (0.0194) | 0.0707* (0.0281) | 0.0136 (0.0412) | 0.0141 (0.0328) |
| LIQ | 0.0001 (0.0001) | 0.0001 (0.0002) | −0.0003 (0.0004) | 0.0004 (0.0004) | −0.0001 (0.0002) | 0.0000 (0.0002) | −0.0001 (0.0005) | −0.0003 (0.0004) |
| SOL | −0.0004 (0.0007) | 0.0004 (0.0010) | −0.0015 (0.0011) | −0.0015 (0.0011) | 0.0002 (0.0009) | −0.0001 (0.0012) | −0.0016 (0.0022) | 0.0016 (0.0014) |
| CORP | 0.0094 (0.0191) | 0.0564 (0.0418) | 0.0297 (0.0229) | −0.0272 (0.0439) | ||||
| COOP | −0.0103 (0.0174) | 0.0795** (0.0301) | −0.0086 (0.0200) | −0.1015** (0.0365) | ||||
| 1,190 | 715 | 315 | 305 | 1,190 | 715 | 315 | 305 | |
| 0.1340 | 0.0934 | 0.2435 | 0.1889 | 0.1285 | 0.1095 | 0.1391 | 0.1725 | |
Note(s): Total sample: All 238 municipalities and 1,190 observations over 5 years, Public administration sample: Only municipalities that have not implemented corporations or cooperations, 143 municipalities and 715 observations over 5 years, Corporation sample: Only municipalities owning water and sewerage corporations, 63 municipalities and 315 observations over 5 years, Cooperation sample: Only municipalities involved in municipal cooperation, 61 municipalities and 305 observations over 5 years
Significance: *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed). **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed). †Correlation is moderately significant at the 0.10 level
Within brackets: White period standard errors