Table 1 An initial overview of common... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

An initial overview of common constructs

Construct	Definition	Relevant theory	Research field	Indicative literature
CEO activism	“CEO activism involves a public act by an individual to take a side on a topical, political, or social issue” (Chatterji and Toffel, 2017, p. 7)	Traditional nonmarket literature	Business, Law	Chatterji and Toffel (2017), Melloni et al. (2019), Larcker et al. (2018), Wolfe (2019), Brown et al. (2020)
Corporate activism	“(…) a company's willingness to take a stand on social, political, economic, and environmental issues to create societal change by influencing the attitudes and behaviors of actors in its institutional environment” (Eilert and Nappier Cherup, 2020, p. 461)	Institutional theory	Business	Eilert and Nappier Cherup (2020), Vredenburg et al. (2020)
Corporate political activism	“(…) corporate political activism takes a more negative approach, typically speaking out against or in response to political issues that tend to be more controversial, such as making a negative statement in response to legislature passed on a controversial issue like gay marriage” (Clemensen, 2017, p. 14)	Corporate social responsibility	Public Relations	Clemensen (2017), Gaither et al. (2018)
Brand activism	“(…) a communication strategy whose aim is to influence the citizen-consumer by means of messages and campaigns created and sustained by political values” (Manfredi-Sánchez, 2019, p. 348)	Corporate political activity	Marketing	Kotler et al. (2017), Manfredi-Sánchez (2019), Shetty et al. (2019)
Brand political activism	“(…) public speech or actions focused on partisan issues made by or on behalf of a company using its corporate or individual brand name” (Moorman, 2020, p. 388 f.)	Political activism	Marketing	Moorman (2020)
Corporate social activism	“Contemporary corporate social activism (…) shifts businesses from their traditional singular, amoral purpose of profit maximization to a new multivariate aim that takes into greater consideration social impact and social value on an equivalent or nearly equivalent basis as profit maximization” (Lin, 2018, p. 1593)	Public-private convergence, the rise of corporate social responsibility, expansion of corporate political rights	Law	Lin (2018)
Corporate political advocacy	“(…) voicing or showing explicit and public support for certain individuals, groups, or ideals and values with the aim of convincing and persuading others to do the same” (Wettstein and Baur, 2016, p. 200)	Corporate social responsibility	Business	Wettstein and Baur (2016), Hydock et al. (2019)
Corporate social advocacy	“(…) the taking of a public stance on a controversial social-political issue by corporations, most often in the form of a CEO statement” (Dodd and Supa, 2015, p. 287)	Corporate social responsibility, strategic issues management, stakeholder theory	Public Relations	Dodd and Supa (2014,2015) Dodd (2018), Gaither et al. (2018), Austin et al. (2019) Yim (2019), Rim et al. (2020)
Corporate political activity	“The new, more public, face of CPA is no longer restricted to lobbying behind closed doors. Rather it increasingly involves communications and actions that can be quite public” (Grazzini et al., 2020, p. 3)	Corporate political activity	Marketing	Korschun et al. (2020), Grazzini et al. (2020)
Corporate sociopolitical involvement	“(…) some firms have, in recent times, engaged in sociopolitical issues that are divisive, unsettled, emotionally charged, or contested. We refer to firm participation in these types of issues as sociopolitical involvement (SPI)” (Nalick et al., 2016, p. 384)	Agency, stakeholder, social movement, upper echelons, Institutional theory	Management	Nalick et al. (2016)
CEO political behavior	“We define CEO political disapproval as negative social evaluations of the publicized CEO activities and/or behaviors that indicate the CEO's political values and/or beliefs. We also define political behavior as active participation in public policy. Political behavior, thus, includes voicing as well as acting out political values and/or beliefs” (Mikeska and Harvey, 2015, p. 77)	Attribution theory	Marketing	Mikeska and Harvey (2015)

Construct	Definition	Relevant theory	Research field	Indicative literature
CEO activism	“CEO activism involves a public act by an individual to take a side on a topical, political, or social issue” (Chatterji and Toffel, 2017, p. 7)	Traditional nonmarket literature	Business, Law	Chatterji and Toffel (2017), Melloni et al. (2019), Larcker et al. (2018), Wolfe (2019), Brown et al. (2020)
Corporate activism	“(…) a company's willingness to take a stand on social, political, economic, and environmental issues to create societal change by influencing the attitudes and behaviors of actors in its institutional environment” (Eilert and Nappier Cherup, 2020, p. 461)	Institutional theory	Business	Eilert and Nappier Cherup (2020), Vredenburg et al. (2020)
Corporate political activism	“(…) corporate political activism takes a more negative approach, typically speaking out against or in response to political issues that tend to be more controversial, such as making a negative statement in response to legislature passed on a controversial issue like gay marriage” (Clemensen, 2017, p. 14)	Corporate social responsibility	Public Relations	Clemensen (2017), Gaither et al. (2018)
Brand activism	“(…) a communication strategy whose aim is to influence the citizen-consumer by means of messages and campaigns created and sustained by political values” (Manfredi-Sánchez, 2019, p. 348)	Corporate political activity	Marketing	Kotler et al. (2017), Manfredi-Sánchez (2019), Shetty et al. (2019)
Brand political activism	“(…) public speech or actions focused on partisan issues made by or on behalf of a company using its corporate or individual brand name” (Moorman, 2020, p. 388 f.)	Political activism	Marketing	Moorman (2020)
Corporate social activism	“Contemporary corporate social activism (…) shifts businesses from their traditional singular, amoral purpose of profit maximization to a new multivariate aim that takes into greater consideration social impact and social value on an equivalent or nearly equivalent basis as profit maximization” (Lin, 2018, p. 1593)	Public-private convergence, the rise of corporate social responsibility, expansion of corporate political rights	Law	Lin (2018)
Corporate political advocacy	“(…) voicing or showing explicit and public support for certain individuals, groups, or ideals and values with the aim of convincing and persuading others to do the same” (Wettstein and Baur, 2016, p. 200)	Corporate social responsibility	Business	Wettstein and Baur (2016), Hydock et al. (2019)
Corporate social advocacy	“(…) the taking of a public stance on a controversial social-political issue by corporations, most often in the form of a CEO statement” (Dodd and Supa, 2015, p. 287)	Corporate social responsibility, strategic issues management, stakeholder theory	Public Relations	Dodd and Supa (2014,2015)Dodd (2018), Gaither et al. (2018), Austin et al. (2019)Yim (2019), Rim et al. (2020)
Corporate political activity	“The new, more public, face of CPA is no longer restricted to lobbying behind closed doors. Rather it increasingly involves communications and actions that can be quite public” (Grazzini et al., 2020, p. 3)	Corporate political activity	Marketing	Korschun et al. (2020), Grazzini et al. (2020)
Corporate sociopolitical involvement	“(…) some firms have, in recent times, engaged in sociopolitical issues that are divisive, unsettled, emotionally charged, or contested. We refer to firm participation in these types of issues as sociopolitical involvement (SPI)” (Nalick et al., 2016, p. 384)	Agency, stakeholder, social movement, upper echelons, Institutional theory	Management	Nalick et al. (2016)
CEO political behavior	“We define CEO political disapproval as negative social evaluations of the publicized CEO activities and/or behaviors that indicate the CEO's political values and/or beliefs. We also define political behavior as active participation in public policy. Political behavior, thus, includes voicing as well as acting out political values and/or beliefs” (Mikeska and Harvey, 2015, p. 77)	Attribution theory	Marketing	Mikeska and Harvey (2015)