Table 1 Description and key... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Description and key characteristics of technologies identified

Technology	Brief definition	Key characteristics	Sources
Big Data Analytics (BDA)	Technologies, techniques, practices, systems, methods and applications that can analyse large volumes and varieties of business-critical data to support organisations in understanding the market better and in making timely and effective decisions	• Volume: large amount of data generated and collected • Velocity: the rapid pace at which data is generated, flows within a supply chain, and made available for analysis • Veracity: identifying uncertainty, noise and anomalies present in data • Variety: collects data from multiple sources of structured and unstructured data • Value: the generation of insights that will benefit supply chains	Khan (2019), Popovič et al. (2018)
Digital Twins (DT)	Seamless connectivity between digital and physical worlds through a digital representation to enable guided interactions, cognitive services and artificial intelligence	• Simulation: digital simulation of real-world changes in virtual space • Human-Machine Collaboration: real-time connectivity through intelligent services to simulate models such as predictivemaintenance, product development and emergency situations	Srai and Lorentz (2019), Wang et al. (2019)
Augmented Reality (AR)	Technology that allows users to interact with a physical environment through an overlay of digital information, enhancing connections between users and smart environments, where users can interact with resources in real-time	• Wearable Devices: devices such as smart glasses that capture and interact with the surrounding environment in real-time and that overlay information, providing users with more information in 3D than they can physically see for themselves • Intelligent: devices that are context-aware, responsive and provide a continuous AR experience	Grubert et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2020)
Blockchain	Electronically distributed ledger system recording data regarding transactions and other information governed by consensus of participants	• Distributed Ledger: facilitates information sharing across multiple stakeholders • Immutability: transactions entered into the blockchain and agreed upon cannot be altered, which provides proof of provenance • Smart Contracts: when pre-specified conditions are met, the system verifies and enforces negotiated terms of the contract, removing the need for an intermediary	Cole et al. (2019), Nikolakis et al. (2018)
3D Printing (3DP)	A form of additive, rather than subtractive, manufacturing where material is consecutively added in order to “print” a physical model based on a digital model developed using 3D modelling software	• Distributed: digital models can be electronically shared and physically printed in a different physical location • Co-creation Community: users can share, update and revise designs based on intellectual property rights to co-create products • Low Investment: lower capital required in comparison to setting up a modern factory, and the ramp-up speed is considerably faster	Hannibal and Knight (2018), Rayna and Striukova (2014)
Artificial Intelligence (AI)	Technology comprising machines, systems, algorithms and programs that seek to understand and imitate human intelligence to create knowledge and solve problems	• Data sharing and exchange: facilitates transparent information exchange for better data management, integration and weak link identification among stakeholders and within businesses • Self-Learning: can learn from datasets, human intelligence and other information to generate insights without human interferenceto continuously improve and reduce error in predictions and insights	Dora et al. (2021), Modgil et al. (2021)
Internet of Things (IoT)	Devices enabling the connection of humans, machines, products and equipment for real-time data collection through networks	• Continuous data collection: devices, such as sensors, log and collect data continuously in real-time to generate insights for multiplescenarios such as machine failure and temperature control • Interconnected: allows data exchange between multiple entities including machines, humans and products to enable continuousmonitoring whilst providing autonomy	Bienhaus and Haddud (2018), Strandhagen et al. (2017)

Technology	Brief definition	Key characteristics	Sources
Big Data Analytics (BDA)	Technologies, techniques, practices, systems, methods and applications that can analyse large volumes and varieties of business-critical data to support organisations in understanding the market better and in making timely and effective decisions	• Volume: large amount of data generated and collected • Velocity: the rapid pace at which data is generated, flows within a supply chain, and made available for analysis • Veracity: identifying uncertainty, noise and anomalies present in data • Variety: collects data from multiple sources of structured and unstructured data • Value: the generation of insights that will benefit supply chains	Khan (2019), Popovič et al. (2018)
Digital Twins (DT)	Seamless connectivity between digital and physical worlds through a digital representation to enable guided interactions, cognitive services and artificial intelligence	• Simulation: digital simulation of real-world changes in virtual space • Human-Machine Collaboration: real-time connectivity through intelligent services to simulate models such as predictivemaintenance, product development and emergency situations	Srai and Lorentz (2019), Wang et al. (2019)
Augmented Reality (AR)	Technology that allows users to interact with a physical environment through an overlay of digital information, enhancing connections between users and smart environments, where users can interact with resources in real-time	• Wearable Devices: devices such as smart glasses that capture and interact with the surrounding environment in real-time and that overlay information, providing users with more information in 3D than they can physically see for themselves • Intelligent: devices that are context-aware, responsive and provide a continuous AR experience	Grubert et al. (2017), Wang et al. (2020)
Blockchain	Electronically distributed ledger system recording data regarding transactions and other information governed by consensus of participants	• Distributed Ledger: facilitates information sharing across multiple stakeholders • Immutability: transactions entered into the blockchain and agreed upon cannot be altered, which provides proof of provenance • Smart Contracts: when pre-specified conditions are met, the system verifies and enforces negotiated terms of the contract, removing the need for an intermediary	Cole et al. (2019), Nikolakis et al. (2018)
3D Printing (3DP)	A form of additive, rather than subtractive, manufacturing where material is consecutively added in order to “print” a physical model based on a digital model developed using 3D modelling software	• Distributed: digital models can be electronically shared and physically printed in a different physical location • Co-creation Community: users can share, update and revise designs based on intellectual property rights to co-create products • Low Investment: lower capital required in comparison to setting up a modern factory, and the ramp-up speed is considerably faster	Hannibal and Knight (2018), Rayna and Striukova (2014)
Artificial Intelligence (AI)	Technology comprising machines, systems, algorithms and programs that seek to understand and imitate human intelligence to create knowledge and solve problems	• Data sharing and exchange: facilitates transparent information exchange for better data management, integration and weak link identification among stakeholders and within businesses • Self-Learning: can learn from datasets, human intelligence and other information to generate insights without human interferenceto continuously improve and reduce error in predictions and insights	Dora et al. (2021), Modgil et al. (2021)
Internet of Things (IoT)	Devices enabling the connection of humans, machines, products and equipment for real-time data collection through networks	• Continuous data collection: devices, such as sensors, log and collect data continuously in real-time to generate insights for multiplescenarios such as machine failure and temperature control • Interconnected: allows data exchange between multiple entities including machines, humans and products to enable continuousmonitoring whilst providing autonomy	Bienhaus and Haddud (2018), Strandhagen et al. (2017)