Table 4 Illustrative examples of how... | Emerald Publishing

Table 4

Illustrative examples of how Industry 4.0 technologies can improve community social performance (CSP)

Sub-theme	Social indicator	Technology	Illustrative examples of how Industry 4.0 technologies can improve community social performance	Source
Quality of Life and Social Welfare	Public Health and Safety	3D Printing	Safety critical items with long lead times can be designed and printed in-house. 3D printers have the capability of printing a range of items, from personal protective equipment to ventilator parts, thereby ensuring availability. Ramp-up times are also considerably lower in comparison to full-scale factory set-ups	Huang et al. (2021)
	Public Health and Safety	Internet of Things	Southern California Edison, an energy provider in California, has deployed drones equipped with IoT devices to inspect electrical infrastructure in buildings and infrastructure such as towers and transformers. They claim that they are able to improve the speed and quality of inspection in addition to being able to safely inspect hazardous areas such as wild-fire risk zones without the need for human intervention. The organisation is also considering using AI to aid in the analysis of footage to improve turnaround times for issue identification which will improve public safety	Deloitte Insights (2021)
	Education	Digital Twins	By promoting initiatives such as intern and volunteer programs, organisations can use digital twins to educate potential employees on job prospects and career paths. This helps generate interest in supply chain jobs as well as improve the quality of human resource management for the supply chain function, where creative abilities and technical skills are becoming increasingly relevant	Scavarda et al. (2019)
	Access to Essential Services	Big Data Analytics	Healthcare facilities can collect and store data based on connected devices and websites, which can be used with BDA and AI to derive actionable insights. Through interactive dashboards that process real-time information, proactive actions can be taken to ensure sufficient access to essential services such as medical supplies, hospital beds and ventilators	Gould et al. (2020)
		Internet of Things	As COVID-19 vaccine production increased, logistics had to be scaled up to deliver these globally. The requirement of having to store vaccines at extremely low temperatures increased logistics complexity, in addition to the requirement that the vaccines had to be tamper-proof and tracked. The Hope Consortium, consisting of partners such as Etihad Cargo, SkyCell and Abu Dhabi Ports, ramped up distribution services and ensured digital tracking of shipments. SkyCell provided temperature-controlled containers using IoT devices which monitored temperature in real-time and shipments were tracked using blockchain to reduce counterfeits	SkyCell (2020)
	Regulatory and Public services	Big Data Analytics	Public services, such as transport links, can be analysed using BDA sources to identify which areas need more investment. This will better enable authorities to track peak hours and manage traffic and social safety measures	Munné (2016)
		Augmented Reality	Technology company Crafted Design developed the QueueSight™ device which could be used in any venue where a queue forms, such as airports and retail stores. The device uses AR to help maintain social distancing measures by projecting the distance between people. A sensor tracks this distance and the boundaries change colours to alert proximity. Brands can also advertise regulatory messaging on these projections, which can aid in providing essential information to customers	QueueSight (2022)
	Social Impacts of Products	Artificial Intelligence	Integrating AI into Quality Assurance systems reduces the need for manual quality testing and improves the accuracy of defects testing and rejecting. This is of major importance in pharmaceuticals and related safety critical products and high-value manufacturing supply chains, such as aerospace, where the defect tolerance is very low	Smartia Ltd (2018)
Social Governance	Corporate Social Responsibility	Big Data Analytics	SAP worked with Insurance Australia Group (IAG) to track, analyse and control significant tail spends which were previously untracked due to the use of corporate credit cards. By identifying these spends using BDA, IAG was able to then develop a marketplace with SAP where Aboriginal, women-owned businesses and social enterprises were included to direct the tail spend into community growth. Through this BDA solution, IAG reduced tail spend and invested back into the communities it operated in, while including diverse suppliers in the process	SAP (2020)
Social Governance	Stakeholder Relations	Blockchain	Through provenance and immutability, Blockchain enables end-to-end transparency and traceability amongst all partners. As the network is decentralised, this is an unbiased "single source of truth” that can be used to benchmark public partnerships through audit trails and to improve strategic stakeholder relationships	World Economic Forum (2020a)
Economic Welfare and Growth	Job and Wealth Creation	3D Printing	3DP can make parts or products with fewer machines thereby reducing high labour cost issues. Manufacturing can be “reshored” leading to reduced transportation costs. As the supply chain remains local or regional, this leads to increasing local employment opportunities. The time from design to market is further reduced, which is an important advantage in safety critical items and in rapidly changing markets	KPMG Canada (2019)
	Societal Investment	Big Data Analytics	Ghost Data and LogoGrab used AI and BDA to measure COVID-19 lockdown violations in Italy using Instagram data. They captured images of public spaces, anonymised location and personal data, and performed analysis to identify statistics such as the cities with the highest number of violations and the locations where violations occurred (e.g. parks). This data can be useful for enforcement authorities to identify violations and ensure preventive mechanisms are in place	Migration Data Portal (2021)
	Societal Investment	Artificial Intelligence	Organisations investing in healthcare in local communities can use AI to provide cheaper testing and detailed health risk assessments. This improves community welfare, especially in rural areas in developing countries where the risk of infections is high and access to healthcare is generally low	Chaudhuri et al. (2021)

Sub-theme	Social indicator	Technology	Illustrative examples of how Industry 4.0 technologies can improve community social performance	Source
Quality of Life and Social Welfare	Public Health and Safety	3D Printing	Safety critical items with long lead times can be designed and printed in-house. 3D printers have the capability of printing a range of items, from personal protective equipment to ventilator parts, thereby ensuring availability. Ramp-up times are also considerably lower in comparison to full-scale factory set-ups	Huang et al. (2021)
	Public Health and Safety	Internet of Things	Southern California Edison, an energy provider in California, has deployed drones equipped with IoT devices to inspect electrical infrastructure in buildings and infrastructure such as towers and transformers. They claim that they are able to improve the speed and quality of inspection in addition to being able to safely inspect hazardous areas such as wild-fire risk zones without the need for human intervention. The organisation is also considering using AI to aid in the analysis of footage to improve turnaround times for issue identification which will improve public safety	Deloitte Insights (2021)
	Education	Digital Twins	By promoting initiatives such as intern and volunteer programs, organisations can use digital twins to educate potential employees on job prospects and career paths. This helps generate interest in supply chain jobs as well as improve the quality of human resource management for the supply chain function, where creative abilities and technical skills are becoming increasingly relevant	Scavarda et al. (2019)
	Access to Essential Services	Big Data Analytics	Healthcare facilities can collect and store data based on connected devices and websites, which can be used with BDA and AI to derive actionable insights. Through interactive dashboards that process real-time information, proactive actions can be taken to ensure sufficient access to essential services such as medical supplies, hospital beds and ventilators	Gould et al. (2020)
		Internet of Things	As COVID-19 vaccine production increased, logistics had to be scaled up to deliver these globally. The requirement of having to store vaccines at extremely low temperatures increased logistics complexity, in addition to the requirement that the vaccines had to be tamper-proof and tracked. The Hope Consortium, consisting of partners such as Etihad Cargo, SkyCell and Abu Dhabi Ports, ramped up distribution services and ensured digital tracking of shipments. SkyCell provided temperature-controlled containers using IoT devices which monitored temperature in real-time and shipments were tracked using blockchain to reduce counterfeits	SkyCell (2020)
	Regulatory and Public services	Big Data Analytics	Public services, such as transport links, can be analysed using BDA sources to identify which areas need more investment. This will better enable authorities to track peak hours and manage traffic and social safety measures	Munné (2016)
		Augmented Reality	Technology company Crafted Design developed the QueueSight™ device which could be used in any venue where a queue forms, such as airports and retail stores. The device uses AR to help maintain social distancing measures by projecting the distance between people. A sensor tracks this distance and the boundaries change colours to alert proximity. Brands can also advertise regulatory messaging on these projections, which can aid in providing essential information to customers	QueueSight (2022)
	Social Impacts of Products	Artificial Intelligence	Integrating AI into Quality Assurance systems reduces the need for manual quality testing and improves the accuracy of defects testing and rejecting. This is of major importance in pharmaceuticals and related safety critical products and high-value manufacturing supply chains, such as aerospace, where the defect tolerance is very low	Smartia Ltd (2018)
Social Governance	Corporate Social Responsibility	Big Data Analytics	SAP worked with Insurance Australia Group (IAG) to track, analyse and control significant tail spends which were previously untracked due to the use of corporate credit cards. By identifying these spends using BDA, IAG was able to then develop a marketplace with SAP where Aboriginal, women-owned businesses and social enterprises were included to direct the tail spend into community growth. Through this BDA solution, IAG reduced tail spend and invested back into the communities it operated in, while including diverse suppliers in the process	SAP (2020)
Social Governance	Stakeholder Relations	Blockchain	Through provenance and immutability, Blockchain enables end-to-end transparency and traceability amongst all partners. As the network is decentralised, this is an unbiased "single source of truth” that can be used to benchmark public partnerships through audit trails and to improve strategic stakeholder relationships	World Economic Forum (2020a)
Economic Welfare and Growth	Job and Wealth Creation	3D Printing	3DP can make parts or products with fewer machines thereby reducing high labour cost issues. Manufacturing can be “reshored” leading to reduced transportation costs. As the supply chain remains local or regional, this leads to increasing local employment opportunities. The time from design to market is further reduced, which is an important advantage in safety critical items and in rapidly changing markets	KPMG Canada (2019)
	Societal Investment	Big Data Analytics	Ghost Data and LogoGrab used AI and BDA to measure COVID-19 lockdown violations in Italy using Instagram data. They captured images of public spaces, anonymised location and personal data, and performed analysis to identify statistics such as the cities with the highest number of violations and the locations where violations occurred (e.g. parks). This data can be useful for enforcement authorities to identify violations and ensure preventive mechanisms are in place	Migration Data Portal (2021)
	Societal Investment	Artificial Intelligence	Organisations investing in healthcare in local communities can use AI to provide cheaper testing and detailed health risk assessments. This improves community welfare, especially in rural areas in developing countries where the risk of infections is high and access to healthcare is generally low	Chaudhuri et al. (2021)