Table 4

The influence of boundaries on supply chain performance (patient flow, speed)

Type of boundaryFactorImpact on integrationImpact on flow
StructuralDual rolesLack of availability and reachabilityConsultation delays, lead times
Lack of information sharing
Spatial separationPoor and indirect communication, lack of face-to-face contact, no development of long-term orientationPatient stacking (residents), consultation delays
Resource constraintsLack of knowledge sharing, poor communicationLimited efficiency, patient flow suffers
InterpersonalLow familiarityPrevents joint decision-making, increased rigidity, poor interpersonal relations, poor communication, low trustConsultation delays, sequential consults, delays in discharge, admission
Lack of commitmentDe-prioritization of ED tasks, poor collaboration, lack of responsibilityBed blocking, sequential consults
Lack of trust and understandingPoor interpersonal relations, restricts formation of informal agreementsPatient boarding, increased lead times, duplication of tasks
CulturalEducational differencesLimits delegation of tasks and discretion of EPsVariability across groups, increase of lead times
Working cultureMisaligned goalsSequential consults, increased lead times
Independent workingFormation of bottlenecks
Status differencesPower dynamics create thresholds for communicationMay encourage patient “stacking” (residents). Limits EP autonomy and decision-making

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