Table 4

Main findings from mass balance approach

ReferencesLayer/PlaceMain featuresResults
Beretta et al. (2013) Single nation/Switzerland22 food categories: fruits (apple, fresh fruits, berries, canned fruits), vegetables (potatoes, fresh, storable and processed vegetables), cereals (bread and durum wheat, rice, maize) sugar, oils and fats, dairy (milk, cheese, butter), eggs, meat (pork, poultry, beef), fishHarvest Losses: 2,200 TJ
Conversion losses from feed to animal products: 125,000 TJ
Dairy, egg, meat production losses: 1,370 TJ
Postharvest losses: 420 TJ
Processing losses: 1,490 TJ
Retail losses: 460 TJ
Households waste: 6,570 TJ
Food service industry: 925 TJ
Pirani and Arafat (2016) Hospitality sector/United Arab EmiratesFirst, daily food waste data from the canteen at Masdar Institute of Science and Technology in Abu Dhabi, while the second method involved an MFA for the different events that authors monitored at various hotel restaurantsA la carte: preparation waste (10%), food waste from customers' plates (12%)
Breakfast buffet: preparation waste (5%), food waste from customers' plates (4%), food waste from serving dishes (7%)
Lunch buffet: preparation waste (15%), food waste from customers' plates (14%), food waste from serving dishes (44%)
Caldeira et al. (2019) Continent/European UnionInvestigation on meat, fish, dairy, eggs, cereals, fruits, vegetables, potatoes, sugar, oil cropsPrimary production losses: 32.2 Mt
Processing and manufacturing losses: 30.6 Mt
Retail and distribution: 6.7 Mt
Households: 49.6 Mt
Food services: 10.3 Mt. Total: 129.2 Mt
Amicarelli et al. (2020) Potato industry/ItalyReady-to-eat (chips) and dried potatoesHarvest losses: 22,000 t of fresh tubers (3,500–4,800 t of starch and 52,000–72,600 GJ) per year
Processing losses: 23,000 t of skins and scraps per year

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