Table 2

Descriptive of selected health and social care initiatives

Authors and yearTitleCountryAim of studyStudy designParticipantsTotal number of participantsTarget population
Aboutanos et al. (2019) Critical call for hospital-based domestic violence intervention: The Davis ChallengeUnited StatesDescribe the 10-year initial development, sustainability, and growth of a hospital-based intimate partner violence (IPV) intervention programme at a Level I Trauma Centre and provide descriptive statistics on the process, outcome, and impactNon-randomised experimental studyPatients and cliniciansn = 799 patients
n = 1,130 staff and service providers
Patients experiencing domestic violence
Alexander et al. (2018) A before-and-after study of integrated training sessions for children’s health and care servicesUKEvaluate the efficacy of an intersectoral educational intervention across children services for improving participants’ knowledge of local services and improving participants’ joint working status (including communication, navigation and confidence in collaboration)Non-randomised experimental studyCliniciansn = 202 service providersChildren and families who live in disadvantaged communities
Aredes et al. (2021) Integrated Care in the Community: The Case of the Programa Maior Cuidado (PCM) (Older Adult Care Programme) in Belo Horizonte-Minas Gerais, BRABrasilEvaluation of the Older Adult Care Programme and examine the processes that led to the establishment of programmeMixed-methods evaluation studyPatients and cliniciansn = 1980 patients
n = 9 PMC health districts’ focus groups
Ageing population
Bussu et al. (2020) Integrated care case (Dis)integrated care? lessons from east LondonUKAnalyse of the perceptions of health and social care professionals working within acute and community settings in the three East London municipalities and their experience of integrated careQualitative evaluation studyCliniciansLocality A: n = 36 interviews (including 1 group interview with two participants)
Locality B: n = 22 interviews (including 1 group interviews with 3 participants)
Locality C: n = 23 interviews (including 3 group interviews, two including with 2 participants and one including 3 participants)
Patients using primary care
Cammy et al. (2017) Developing a Palliative Radiation Oncology Service Line: The Integration of Advance Care Planning in Subspecialty Oncologic CareUnited StatesExamine a new multidisciplinary model of care in palliative radiation oncology with contributions of the palliative radiation oncology social workerDescriptive studyPatientsn = 26 patientsPalliative care patients
Chng et al. (2021) Implementing social prescribing in primary care in areas of high socio-economic deprivation: process evaluation of the “Deep End” community links worker programme (LWP)UKEvaluate the implementation of the link worker programme in the seven intervention practices and explore the extent to which the programme was integrated into routine practiceQualitative evaluation studyCliniciansn = 31 service providers and key stakeholders (focus groups)
n = 57 service providers (online survey)
n = 14 services providers (depth interview with Lead GPs and community link workers)
n = 19 Lead GPs, community link workers and practice managers (end-of-evaluation interviews)
Adults with multimorbidity
Collins et al. (2017) Integrated human immunodeficiency virus care and service engagement amongst people living with HIV (PLHIV) who use drugs in a setting with a community-wide treatment as prevention initiative: A qualitative study in Vancouver, CanadaCanadaGenerate insights into how the Dr. Peter Centre s (DPC) integrated services model influences access to, and retention in, HIV care amongst structurally vulnerable PLHIV who use drugsQualitative evaluation studyPatientsn = 30 patientsPatients suffering from human immunodeficiency virus and substance use problems
Davenport et al. (2021) Impact of occupational therapy in an integrated adult social care service: Audit of Therapy Outcome Measure (TOM) FindingsUKDemonstrate occupational therapy outcomes in adult social care through use of the Therapy Outcome Measure findingsCross-sectional studyPatientsn = 70 patientsAdults (wide range) with chronic conditions which reduces occupational performance
De Vries McClintock et al. (2016) Diabetes and depression care: A randomised controlled pilot trialUnited StatesCarry out a randomised controlled pilot trial to test the effectiveness of an integrated intervention for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression incorporating patients’ financial, social and emotional needs using patient prioritized
planning (enhanced intervention) versus an integrated intervention alone (basic intervention)
Randomised controlled trialPatientsn = 78 patientsAdults with multimorbidity
Doheny et al. (2020) Impact of integrated care on trends in the rate of emergency department visits amongst older persons in Stockholm County: an interrupted time series analysisSwedenInvestigate the potential association between the implementation of an integrated care (IC) system and the changes in the trends of ED visits in NorrtäljeQuasi-experimental cross-sectional study (interrupted time analysis)PatientsPopulation-based registers covering the entire population of Stockholm County from Region Stockholm Healthcare Administrative DatabaseAgeing population
Eastwood et al. (2020) Designing Initiatives for Vulnerable Families: From Theory to Design in Sydney, AustraliaAustraliaEvaluate the Healthy Homes and Neighbourhoods (HHAN) initiative, focussing on the care coordination component of the programme, using a critical realist case study approachPilot realist evaluation studyPatients and cliniciansn = 12 patients
n = 21 staff and services providers (NGOs, GPs, NSW Department of Education, Family and Children Services)
Children and families who live in disadvantaged communities
Elston et al. (2019) Improving Hospital at Home for frail older people: insights from a quality improvement project to achieve change across regional health and social care sectorsUKEvaluate the impact of a holistic link-workers on service users’ well-being, activation and frailty, and their use of health and social care services and the associated costsEconomic evaluationPatientsn = 86 patientsAgeing population
Ismail et al. (2020) A pilot study of an integrated mental health, social and medical model for diabetes care in an inner-city setting: Three Dimensions for Diabetes (3DFD)UKTest whether 3DFD was associated with greater change in glycaemic control, other diabetes-related biomedical outcomes and in healthcareRandomised controlled trialPatientsn = 292 control group
n = 277 intervention group
Adults with multimorbidity
Janse et al. (2016) Do integrated care structures foster processes of integration? A quasi-experimental study in frail elderly care from the professional perspectiveNetherlandsMeasure integration processes in the delivery of integrated care as perceived by professionalsQuasi-experimental study with a control groupCliniciansn = 120 control group
n = 60 intervention group
Ageing population
Mateo-Abad et al. (2020) Impact of the CareWell integrated care model for older patients with multimorbidity: a quasi-experimental controlled study in the Basque CountrySpainEvaluate, in the Basque Country, the impact of the CareWell integrated care model for older patients with multimorbidity, using quantitative and qualitative techniquesQuasi-experimental controlled studyPatientsn = 99 control group
n = 101 intervention group
Ageing population
Melvin et al. (2019) The Open Arms Healthcare Centre’s Integrated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care Services ModelUnited StatesTo determine if an integrated model of human immunodeficiency virus care resulted in increased linkage to care, increased treatment adherence rates, increased retention rates and improved viral load suppressionQuasi-experimental, cross-sectional research designPatientsn = 231 patientsPatients suffering from human immunodeficiency virus
Moon et al. (2021) Addressing Emotional Wellness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: the Role of Promotores in Delivering Integrated Mental Health Care and Social ServicesUnited StatesInvestigate the role of promotores de salud (community health workers) in providing community-led and integrated mental health care and social services in response to the COVID-19 pandemicPilot evaluation study (retrospectively)Patientsn = 776 patients (demographic analysis)
n = 57 patients enrolled in the Emotional Wellness programme
Working-class Black and Latino communities
Moretti et al. (2017) From the hospital towards social reintegration: the support path for people with severe acquired brain injury (ABI) and their familiesItalyAnalyse the elements of the design of a programme tailored for patients with severe acquired brain injuryDescriptive studyPatientsn = 18 patientsPatients with severe acquired brain injury
Murphy et al. (2017) Health benefits for health and social care clients attending an Integrated Health and Social Care day unit (IHSCDU): a before-and-after pilot study with a comparator groupUKIdentify whether attendance at the unit affected selected outcomes of functional mobility, number of prescribed medications and physical and psychological well-beingEvaluation study with a pre and post designPatientsn = 33 control group (comparator)
n = 30 intervention group
All age groups, individuals experiencing multimorbidity
Pauley et al. (2016) Evaluation of an Integrated Cluster Care and Supportive Housing Model for Unstably Housed Persons Using the Shelter SystemCanadaEvaluate the feasibility of an integrated cluster care and supportive housing modelPilot evaluation studyPatients and cliniciansn = 212 patients’ usage data (retrospective)
n = 31 (sub sample) patients for prospective analysis of goal achievement and satisfaction with the programme
n = 20 staff members
Homeless, underhoused, and marginalised individuals with difficulties in accessing health and support services
Perman et al. (2021) Effectiveness of a health and social care integration programme for home-dwelling frail older persons in ArgentinaArgentinaEvaluate the effectiveness of a pilot on health and social integration aimed at reducing hospital admission rate of the participants compared to the current best standard of careQuasi-experimental study with a concurrent control groupPatientsn = 121 control group
n = 121 intervention group
Ageing population
Pruitt et al. (2018) Expenditure Reductions Associated with a Social Service Referral ProgramUnited StatesExamine the association between met social needs in a social referral programmeEconomic evaluation studyPatientsn = 1,521 patients (all social needs met)
n = 1,197 patients (no social needs met)
Ageing population
Sadarangani et al. (2019) A Mixed-Methods Evaluation of a Nurse-Led Community-Based Health Home (CBHH) for Ethnically Diverse Older Adults With Multimorbidity in the Adult Day Health SettingUnited StatesEvaluate outcomes associated with the CBHH model, changes in social and emotional aspects of health after 12 months in the programme and explore the perspectives of key stakeholdersExploratory study with a sequential mixed-methods designPatients and cliniciansn = 126 patients (EMRs*)
n = 40 staff, services providers and caregivers
Ageing population
Sohanpal et al. (2017) The impact of a social prescribing service on patients in primary care: a mixed-methods evaluationUKPresent data about the effect of the service on the people referred and the implementation of the service from a patient perspectiveControlled evaluation studyPatientsn = 302 control group
n = 184 intervention group
Patients in primary care
Spoorenberg (2019) Health-Related Problems and Changes After 1 Year as Assessed With the Geriatric ICF Core Set (GeriatrICS) in Community-Living Older Adults Who Are Frail Receiving Person-Centred and Integrated Care From EmbraceNetherlandsAssess the prevalence and severity of health-related problems and the change after receiving individual care and support from Embrace programmeEvaluation study with a pre and post designPatientsn = 136 patientsAgeing population
Talbot et al. (2020) Delivering an integrated Adolescent Multi-Agency Specialist Service to families with adolescents at risk of care: Outcomes and learning from the first ten yearsUKDescribe the Adolescent Multi-Agency Specialist Service (AMASS) approach to adolescent edge of care which aims to attend to the needs of both the family and their allocated social workerPilot evaluation study with a pre and post designPatientsn = 153 familiesYoung people at risks of entering foster care systems
Terracciano et al. (2021) The effect of community nurse on mortality and hospitalisation in a group of over-75 older adults: a nested case-control studyItalyAssess the causal association of an integrated social and health
programme including social intervention with the community nurse activity
Nested case-control studyPatientsn = 1,031 patientsAgeing population
Tong et al. (2020) Effect of an integrated care model for pre-frail and frail older people living in communityChinaExamine the effectiveness of an integrated care model supported by frailty assessment, personalised care plans and coordinated care services as arranged by community centres for older people in pre-frail and frail conditionControlled, pair-matched evaluation study with a pre and post designPatientsn = 270 control group
n = 183 intervention group
Ageing population
VanDijk et al. (2016) Effects of an integrated neighbourhood approach on older people’s (health-related) quality of life and well-beingNetherlandsEvaluate the effects of integrated neighbourhood approach on older people’s (health-related) quality of life and well-being life and well-beingQuasi-experimental study with a pre, post and follow-up designPatientsn = 186 control group
n = 186 intention to treat
n = 186 intervention group
Community-dwelling older people
Vestjens et al. (2019) Cost-effectiveness of a proactive, integrated primary care approach for community-dwelling frail older personsNetherlandsEvaluated the Finding and Follow-up of Frail older persons (FFF) approach, which aims to maintain or improve older people’s well-being and is implemented by part of the Dutch general practitioners (GPs)Matched quasi-experimental design with one pre and post designPatientsn = 232 control group
n = 232 intervention group
Ageing population
White et al. (2021) Bridging the gap: A new integrated early intervention service for young people with complex mental health issuesAustraliaDescribe the young people’s pathway through headspace Early Intervention Teams (hEITs) hEIT including clinical outcomes, services delivered and experience of service. viability, development and retainment of the hEIT service and similar models going forwardA retrospective study of file audit of the electronic medical recordsPatientsn = 26 patientsYoung population at risk of developing mental health problems
Wong et al. (2020) Effectiveness of a health-social partnership programme for discharged non-frail older adults: a pilot studyChinaTo test a community-based health-social partnership programme to support non-frail older adults living with optimum quality of life in their own environment after hospital dischargeRandomised controlled trialPatientsn = 38 control group
n = 27 intervention group
Ageing population
Zarnegar et al. (2017) A clinical evaluation of a community-based rehabilitation and social intervention programme for patients with chronic pain with associated multi-morbidityUKEvaluate a community-based rehabilitation and social intervention programme which employs the components of the King’s Fund “House of Care” modelQuantitative evaluation study with a pre and post designPatientsn = 24 patientsPatients with chronic pain and multimorbidity

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