Table 2 Preliminary variables Phases... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2

Preliminary variables

Phases Inputs/outputs	Items	Scale items Likert scale from 1 (in total disagreement) to 5 (in total agreement)	References
Outputs KCP	Y1	Increase in benefits In the last three years, the profits have increased considerably by the application of the results of the R&D	García-Valderrama et al. (2008), Saghaei and Ghasemi (2009), and Zahoor and Sahof (2018)
	Y2	Increase in income: The sales revenues have increased, thanks to the application of the results of the R&D	Kerssens-van Drongelen and Cooke (1997) and Zahoor and Sahof (2018)
	Y3	Improvement of positioning when faced with competitors: The overall positioning of our company against its competitors has improved, thanks to the application of the R&D results	García-Valderrama et al. (2008)
	Y4	Increased customer satisfaction and market share: Customer satisfaction has increased thanks to the application of the results of the R&D, and the market share has increased thanks to the application of the results of the R&D	Crosby and Sheery (2006) and Ģağlar and Gürel (2019)
Outputs KPP Inputs KCP	S1	Degree of innovation: The innovation in products and in process always originates in R&D	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), and Wang et al. (2020)
Outputs KPP Inputs KCP	S2	Quality: The R&D activities are always subjected to standards for the measurement of quality, and the standards for quality established for the R&D activities are always achieved	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), and García-Valderrama et al. (2009)
Links Variables (Netwok DEA)	Z1	Degree of appropriation of results (patents). In the last three years, the increase in the number of patents has been very high	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), and García-Valderrama et al. (2009)
Links Variables (Netwok DEA)	Z2	Alliances in R&D between companies: Opportunities for establishing alliances in R&D with other organizations are always identified	Crosby and Sheery (2006) and Liu et al. (2020)
Inputs KPP	X1	Staff capabilities: They have many capabilities (aptitudes and skills)	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), and García-Valderrama et al. (2009)
	X2	Growth of R&D staff for new projects: In the last three years, the number of R&D personnel has increased considerably with respect to the volume of new projects	Crosby and Sheery (2006), García-Valderrama et al. (2009), and Leenders and Wierenga (2002)
	X3	Experience of R&D staff: They have much previous experience of R&D in other national companies. They have much previous experience of R&D in other companies, that are foreign	Crosby and Sheery (2006) and García-Valderrama et al. (2008)
	X4	Training: Personnel structures of the R&D personnel	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), García-Valderrama et al. (2009)
	X5	R&D effort: In the last three years, the expenditure on R&D has increased considerably, as a proportion of total revenue	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), García-Valderrama et al. (2009), Leenders and Wierenga (2002), and Yiu et al. (2020)

PhasesInputs/outputs	Items	Scale itemsLikert scale from 1 (in total disagreement) to 5 (in total agreement)	References
OutputsKCP	Y1	Increase in benefitsIn the last three years, the profits have increased considerably by the application of the results of the R&D	García-Valderrama et al. (2008), Saghaei and Ghasemi (2009), and Zahoor and Sahof (2018)
	Y2	Increase in income: The sales revenues have increased, thanks to the application of the results of the R&D	Kerssens-van Drongelen and Cooke (1997) and Zahoor and Sahof (2018)
	Y3	Improvement of positioning when faced with competitors: The overall positioning of our company against its competitors has improved, thanks to the application of the R&D results	García-Valderrama et al. (2008)
	Y4	Increased customer satisfaction and market share: Customer satisfaction has increased thanks to the application of the results of the R&D, and the market share has increased thanks to the application of the results of the R&D	Crosby and Sheery (2006) and Ģağlar and Gürel (2019)
Outputs KPPInputs KCP	S1	Degree of innovation: The innovation in products and in process always originates in R&D	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), and Wang et al. (2020)
Outputs KPPInputs KCP	S2	Quality: The R&D activities are always subjected to standards for the measurement of quality, and the standards for quality established for the R&D activities are always achieved	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), and García-Valderrama et al. (2009)
LinksVariables (Netwok DEA)	Z1	Degree of appropriation of results (patents). In the last three years, the increase in the number of patents has been very high	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), and García-Valderrama et al. (2009)
LinksVariables (Netwok DEA)	Z2	Alliances in R&D between companies: Opportunities for establishing alliances in R&D with other organizations are always identified	Crosby and Sheery (2006) and Liu et al. (2020)
InputsKPP	X1	Staff capabilities: They have many capabilities (aptitudes and skills)	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), and García-Valderrama et al. (2009)
	X2	Growth of R&D staff for new projects: In the last three years, the number of R&D personnel has increased considerably with respect to the volume of new projects	Crosby and Sheery (2006), García-Valderrama et al. (2009), and Leenders and Wierenga (2002)
	X3	Experience of R&D staff: They have much previous experience of R&D in other national companies. They have much previous experience of R&D in other companies, that are foreign	Crosby and Sheery (2006) and García-Valderrama et al. (2008)
	X4	Training: Personnel structures of the R&D personnel	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), García-Valderrama et al. (2009)
	X5	R&D effort: In the last three years, the expenditure on R&D has increased considerably, as a proportion of total revenue	Crosby and Sheery (2006), Ģağlar and Gürel (2019), García-Valderrama et al. (2009), Leenders and Wierenga (2002), and Yiu et al. (2020)

Source(s): Table by authors