Table S1 Variables, item description,...

Table S1

Variables, item description, factor loadings, Cronbach’s alpha, AVE and CR

Scale	Item description	First-order factor loadings	Second-order factor loadings	Alpha	AVE	CR
		>0.5	>0.5	>0.7	>0.5	>0.6
Individual-level variables
SPS				0.87	0.48	0.86
	sps01. When considering solutions to a problem, I do not take the time to assess the potential success of each alternative. (reversed)	0.55
	sps02. When confronted with a problem, I usually first survey the situation to determine the relevant information	0.76
	sps03. When I have a problem, I think of as many possible ways to handle it as I can until I can’t come up with any more ideas	0.70
	sps04. After following a course of action to solve a problem, I compare the actual outcome with the one I had anticipated	0.70
	sps05. When making a decision, I compare alternatives and weigh the consequences of one against the other	0.78
	sps06. When confronted with a problem, I stop and think about it before deciding on a next step	0.73
	sps07. When thinking of ways to handle a problem, I seldom combine ideas from various alternatives to arrive at a workable solution (reversed) (dropped)	–
	sps08. I try to predict the result of a particular course of action (dropped)	–
	sps09. When a solution to a problem has failed, I do not examine why it didn’t work (reversed)	0.57
Job engagement				0.94	0.61	0.82
Physical engagement			0.79	0.92	0.67	0.92
	pe01. I work with intensity on my job	0.79
	pe02. I exert my full effort to my job	0.87
	pe03. I devote a lot of energy to my job	0.92
	pe04. I try my hardest to perform well on my job	0.72
	pe05. I strive as hard as I can to complete my job	0.76
	pe06. I exert a lot of energy on my job	0.82
Emotional engagement			0.61	0.92	0.70	0.92
	ee01. I am enthusiastic in my job	0.86
	ee02. I feel energetic at my job	0.84
	ee03. I am interested in my job	0.83
	ee04. I feel positive about my job	0.82
	ee05. I am excited about my job	0.83
Cognitive engagement			0.91	0.93	0.94	0.74
	ce01. At work, my mind is focused on my job	0.83
	ce02. At work, I pay a lot of attention to my job	0.89
	ce03. At work, I focus a great deal of attention on my job	0.92
	ce04. At work, I am absorbed by my job	0.68
	ce05. At work, I concentrate on my job	0.90
	ce06. At work, I devote a lot of attention to my job	0.91
Job autonomy				0.94	0.80	0.92
Work-scheduling autonomy			0.88	0.89	0.74	0.90
	sa01. The job allows me to make my own decisions about how to schedule my work	0.82
	sa02. The job allows me to decide on the order in which things are done on the job	0.88
	sa03. The job allows me to plan how I do my work	0.89
Decision-making autonomy			0.93	0.92	0.73	0.89
	da01. The job gives me a chance to use my personal initiative or judgment in carrying out the work	0.85
	da02. The job allows me to make a lot of decisions on my own	0.87
	da03. The job provides me with significant autonomy in making decisions	0.85
Work-methods autonomy			0.86	0.91	0.82	0.93
	wa01. The job allows me to make decisions about what methods I use to complete my work	0.91
	wa02. The job gives me considerable opportunity for independence and freedom in how I do the work	0.86
	wa03. The job allows me to decide on my own how to go about doing my work	0.94
Job complexity				0.87	0.58	0.85
	jc01. The job requires that I only do one task or activity at a time (reverse scored)	0.70
	jc02. The tasks on the job are simple and uncomplicated (reverse scored)	0.78
	jc03. The job comprises relatively uncomplicated tasks (reverse scored)	0.67
	jc04. The job involves performing relatively simple tasks (reverse scored)	0.89
Task variety				0.95	0.83	0.95
	tv01. The job involves a great deal of task variety	0.88
	tv02. The job involves doing a number of different things	0.86
	tv03. The job requires the performance of a wide range of tasks	0.97
	tv04. The job involves performing a variety of tasks	0.93
Proactive personality				0.75	0.43	0.75
	pp01. No matter what the odds, if I believe in something I will make it happen	0.71
	pp02. I love being a champion for my ideas, even against others’ opposition	0.55
	pp03. I excel at identifying opportunities	0.61
	pp04. If I believe in an idea, no obstacle will prevent me from making it happen	0.74
Work unit-level variables
Lean production				0.94	0.71	0.88
Just in time			0.75	0.91	0.62	0.89
	jit01. We usually complete our daily schedule as planned (dropped)	–
	jit02. The layout of our shop floor facilitates low inventories and fast throughput	0.80
	jit03. Suppliers frequently deliver materials to us	0.82
	jit04. Our customers receive JIT deliveries from us	0.82
	jit05. We use a kanban pull system for production control	0.69
	jit06. We have low setup times of equipment in our plant	0.79
	jit07. We emphasize small lot sizes, to increase manufacturing flexibility (dropped)	–
Total quality management			0.93	0.92	0.74	0.92
	tqm01. Our plant emphasizes putting all tools and fixtures in their place	0.85
	tqm02. We actively develop proprietary equipment (dropped)	–
	tqm03. A large percent of the processes on the shop floor are currently under statistical quality control	0.85
	tqm04. In the past, many equipment problems have been solved through small group sessions	0.85
	tqm05. Processes in our plant are designed to be “foolproof”	0.88
Human resource management			0.84	0.90	0.65	0.90
	hrm01. We encourage employees to work together to achieve common goals, rather than encourage competition among individuals (dropped)	–
	hrm02. Management tells us why our suggestions are implemented or not used	0.80
	hrm03. Our organization structure is relatively flat (dropped)	–
	hrm04. Our employees receive training to perform multiple tasks (dropped)	–
	hrm05. Engineers are located near the shop floor, to provide quick assistance when production stops	0.75
	hrm06. In the past three years, many problems have been solved through small group sessions	0.77
	hrm07. Our plant employees receive training and development in workplace skills, on a regular basis	0.88
	hrm08. We strive to continually improve all aspects of products and processes, rather than taking a static approach	0.81

Scale	Item description	First-order factor loadings	Second-order factor loadings	Alpha	AVE	CR
		>0.5	>0.5	>0.7	>0.5	>0.6
Individual-level variables
SPS				0.87	0.48	0.86
	sps01. When considering solutions to a problem, I do not take the time to assess the potential success of each alternative. (reversed)	0.55
	sps02. When confronted with a problem, I usually first survey the situation to determine the relevant information	0.76
	sps03. When I have a problem, I think of as many possible ways to handle it as I can until I can’t come up with any more ideas	0.70
	sps04. After following a course of action to solve a problem, I compare the actual outcome with the one I had anticipated	0.70
	sps05. When making a decision, I compare alternatives and weigh the consequences of one against the other	0.78
	sps06. When confronted with a problem, I stop and think about it before deciding on a next step	0.73
	sps07. When thinking of ways to handle a problem, I seldom combine ideas from various alternatives to arrive at a workable solution (reversed) (dropped)	–
	sps08. I try to predict the result of a particular course of action (dropped)	–
	sps09. When a solution to a problem has failed, I do not examine why it didn’t work (reversed)	0.57
Job engagement				0.94	0.61	0.82
Physical engagement			0.79	0.92	0.67	0.92
	pe01. I work with intensity on my job	0.79
	pe02. I exert my full effort to my job	0.87
	pe03. I devote a lot of energy to my job	0.92
	pe04. I try my hardest to perform well on my job	0.72
	pe05. I strive as hard as I can to complete my job	0.76
	pe06. I exert a lot of energy on my job	0.82
Emotional engagement			0.61	0.92	0.70	0.92
	ee01. I am enthusiastic in my job	0.86
	ee02. I feel energetic at my job	0.84
	ee03. I am interested in my job	0.83
	ee04. I feel positive about my job	0.82
	ee05. I am excited about my job	0.83
Cognitive engagement			0.91	0.93	0.94	0.74
	ce01. At work, my mind is focused on my job	0.83
	ce02. At work, I pay a lot of attention to my job	0.89
	ce03. At work, I focus a great deal of attention on my job	0.92
	ce04. At work, I am absorbed by my job	0.68
	ce05. At work, I concentrate on my job	0.90
	ce06. At work, I devote a lot of attention to my job	0.91
Job autonomy				0.94	0.80	0.92
Work-scheduling autonomy			0.88	0.89	0.74	0.90
	sa01. The job allows me to make my own decisions about how to schedule my work	0.82
	sa02. The job allows me to decide on the order in which things are done on the job	0.88
	sa03. The job allows me to plan how I do my work	0.89
Decision-making autonomy			0.93	0.92	0.73	0.89
	da01. The job gives me a chance to use my personal initiative or judgment in carrying out the work	0.85
	da02. The job allows me to make a lot of decisions on my own	0.87
	da03. The job provides me with significant autonomy in making decisions	0.85
Work-methods autonomy			0.86	0.91	0.82	0.93
	wa01. The job allows me to make decisions about what methods I use to complete my work	0.91
	wa02. The job gives me considerable opportunity for independence and freedom in how I do the work	0.86
	wa03. The job allows me to decide on my own how to go about doing my work	0.94
Job complexity				0.87	0.58	0.85
	jc01. The job requires that I only do one task or activity at a time (reverse scored)	0.70
	jc02. The tasks on the job are simple and uncomplicated (reverse scored)	0.78
	jc03. The job comprises relatively uncomplicated tasks (reverse scored)	0.67
	jc04. The job involves performing relatively simple tasks (reverse scored)	0.89
Task variety				0.95	0.83	0.95
	tv01. The job involves a great deal of task variety	0.88
	tv02. The job involves doing a number of different things	0.86
	tv03. The job requires the performance of a wide range of tasks	0.97
	tv04. The job involves performing a variety of tasks	0.93
Proactive personality				0.75	0.43	0.75
	pp01. No matter what the odds, if I believe in something I will make it happen	0.71
	pp02. I love being a champion for my ideas, even against others’ opposition	0.55
	pp03. I excel at identifying opportunities	0.61
	pp04. If I believe in an idea, no obstacle will prevent me from making it happen	0.74
Work unit-level variables
Lean production				0.94	0.71	0.88
Just in time			0.75	0.91	0.62	0.89
	jit01. We usually complete our daily schedule as planned (dropped)	–
	jit02. The layout of our shop floor facilitates low inventories and fast throughput	0.80
	jit03. Suppliers frequently deliver materials to us	0.82
	jit04. Our customers receive JIT deliveries from us	0.82
	jit05. We use a kanban pull system for production control	0.69
	jit06. We have low setup times of equipment in our plant	0.79
	jit07. We emphasize small lot sizes, to increase manufacturing flexibility (dropped)	–
Total quality management			0.93	0.92	0.74	0.92
	tqm01. Our plant emphasizes putting all tools and fixtures in their place	0.85
	tqm02. We actively develop proprietary equipment (dropped)	–
	tqm03. A large percent of the processes on the shop floor are currently under statistical quality control	0.85
	tqm04. In the past, many equipment problems have been solved through small group sessions	0.85
	tqm05. Processes in our plant are designed to be “foolproof”	0.88
Human resource management			0.84	0.90	0.65	0.90
	hrm01. We encourage employees to work together to achieve common goals, rather than encourage competition among individuals (dropped)	–
	hrm02. Management tells us why our suggestions are implemented or not used	0.80
	hrm03. Our organization structure is relatively flat (dropped)	–
	hrm04. Our employees receive training to perform multiple tasks (dropped)	–
	hrm05. Engineers are located near the shop floor, to provide quick assistance when production stops	0.75
	hrm06. In the past three years, many problems have been solved through small group sessions	0.77
	hrm07. Our plant employees receive training and development in workplace skills, on a regular basis	0.88
	hrm08. We strive to continually improve all aspects of products and processes, rather than taking a static approach	0.81

Note(s): The job autonomy model exhibited good fit indices: χ²/df = 2.93 (p = 0.00), CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.98, and RMSEA = 0.07. The job complexity model exhibited good fit indices: χ²/df = 2.76 (p = 0.00), CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, and RMSEA = 0.06. The task variety model exhibited good fit indices: χ²/df = 2.55 (p = 0.00), CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.99, and RMSEA = 0.06. The proactive personality model exhibited good fit indices: χ²/df = 0.46 (p = 0.00), CFI = 1, TLI = 1, and RMSEA = 0.06

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