Table 4.

Challenges related to implementing OSE, as identified from interviews in the case studies

Main challenges for designing and delivering OSE coursesRelated sub-themes regarding pedagogical difficulties
InteractionCreating sense of community
Facilitating engagement among students (particularly asynchronous online courses)
Developing group projects
Providing more-than-human encounters
Honing interpersonal competency
EmotionsDealing with climate/future anxiety
Transmitting reactions and feedback
Creating empathy
Engendering inspiration
Honing intrapersonal competency
EmbodimentImplementing hands-on exercises
Using head, hands and hearts
Place connectionsConducting field work/visits
Finding shared entry point to the topic despite geographical diversity
Relating new knowledge to own experiences
Linking with place-based sustainability
Scaling courses to international levels
Contextualizing competencies for people in different contexts
Depth and complexity of issuesMaking complex things and phenomena tangible
Reacting timely to recent events (e.g. droughts)
Discussing topics in-depth
ActionImplementing transformative learning
Perceiving teaching a competency-based approach requires more work
Organizing transdisciplinary education
Applying knowledge and providing practical tools
Honing implementation competency
General practical challenges in delivery of online sustainability programs/courses:Instructors:
Grading KCS (qualitative assessment takes resources)
Managing instructors’ (insufficient) training on sustainability
Course designers:
Engaging with sustainability as a fast-moving field, which requires constant updates of courses
Organizing group work because of time zones/changes
Translating in-person courses to online
Connecting to communities without internet (e.g. indigenous people, local communities)
Adjusting group work for automated/asynchronous courses
Overarching:
Overcoming faculty traditions/lack of knowledge of sustainability
Lacking prior experience in online environments as a teacher or a student
Separation between sustainability expertise and (online) pedagogical expertise
Source: Authors’ own creation/work

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