Table 2. Variables definition Variable... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

Variables definition

Variable	Definition	Author
Dependent variables
R&D (LogRD)	Natural logarithm of R&D expenditure	Huang and Hou (2019), Meng et al. (2020)
RDIntensity	Ratio of R&D expenses to total revenue	Gui-long et al. (2017), Alam et al. (2020), AlHares et al. (2020)
Independent variables
Managerial ability score (MAbility)	The managerial ability score derived from the DEA analysis	Demerjian et al. (2012a)
Managerial ability rank (MARank)	The decile rank of MAbility by year
Intellectual property rights index (IPRI)	IPRI proposed by the Property Rights Alliance	Malva and Santarelli (2015)), Levy-Carciente (2019)
Control variables
Age	Natural logarithm of the surveyed year minus the establishment year	Ngo et al. (2021)
Tangibility	Ratio of net property, plant and equipment to total asset	Bui et al. (2018), Puwanenthiren et al. (2019), Alam et al. (2020)
TobinQ	Ratio of firm’s market value to the replacement cost of its assets	Banker et al. (2011), Wang et al. (2013)
Advertising intensity (AdvIntensity)	Ratio of advertising expenses to total assets	Gong et al. (2021), Ngo et al. (2021)
Leverage	Ratio of total debt to asset	Alam et al. (2019), Meng et al. (2020), Ngo et al. (2021)
Return on asset (ROA)	Ratio of net income to total assets	Yung and Nguyen (2020)
GDP	A measure of economic development	Parisi et al. (2006), Dalwai et al. (2021)
Inflation	Consumer price index using the Laspeyres formula	Dalwai et al. (2021), Liu et al. (2021)

Variable	Definition	Author
Dependent variables
R&D (LogRD)	Natural logarithm of R&D expenditure	Huang and Hou (2019), Meng et al. (2020)
RDIntensity	Ratio of R&D expenses to total revenue	Gui-long et al. (2017), Alam et al. (2020), AlHares et al. (2020)
Independent variables
Managerial ability score (MAbility)	The managerial ability score derived from the DEA analysis	Demerjian et al. (2012a)
Managerial ability rank (MARank)	The decile rank of MAbility by year
Intellectual property rights index (IPRI)	IPRI proposed by the Property Rights Alliance	Malva and Santarelli (2015)), Levy-Carciente (2019)
Control variables
Age	Natural logarithm of the surveyed year minus the establishment year	Ngo et al. (2021)
Tangibility	Ratio of net property, plant and equipment to total asset	Bui et al. (2018), Puwanenthiren et al. (2019), Alam et al. (2020)
TobinQ	Ratio of firm’s market value to the replacement cost of its assets	Banker et al. (2011), Wang et al. (2013)
Advertising intensity (AdvIntensity)	Ratio of advertising expenses to total assets	Gong et al. (2021), Ngo et al. (2021)
Leverage	Ratio of total debt to asset	Alam et al. (2019), Meng et al. (2020), Ngo et al. (2021)
Return on asset (ROA)	Ratio of net income to total assets	Yung and Nguyen (2020)
GDP	A measure of economic development	Parisi et al. (2006), Dalwai et al. (2021)
Inflation	Consumer price index using the Laspeyres formula	Dalwai et al. (2021), Liu et al. (2021)

Source: Table by authors