Table 1.

Components of competitiveness based on the literature

LiteratureSpecific factor name, whether it appears in the study or not [Yes (“✓”) / No (“”)]
Prod.1Hum.2Tech & ICT 3Str.4Mark.5DIM6Netw.7Org.8
O’Farrell et al. (1992)     ✓✓ ✓
Zahra and Covin (1993) ✓ ✓✓✓   
Slevin and Covin (1995) ✓  ✓✓✓✓✓
Lu and Beamish (2001)    ✓ ✓✓ 
Boyer and Lewis (2002) ✓ ✓    ✓
Demeter (2003) ✓ ✓ ✓   
Julien and Ramangalahy (2003) ✓✓  ✓✓✓ 
Kingsley and Malecki (2004) ✓✓   ✓✓ 
Belderbos and Sleuwaegen (2005)   ✓  ✓  
Hult et al. (2007)  ✓✓  ✓ ✓
Aral and Weill (2007)  ✓✓     
Wu (2008) ✓  ✓ ✓✓ 
Gunasekaran et al. (2011) ✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓
Fernhaber and Patel (2012) ✓    ✓  
Wang and Wu (2012) ✓✓✓  ✓  
Hansen et al. (2013)  ✓ ✓✓✓ ✓
Santos-Vijande et al. (2013) ✓ ✓✓✓✓  
Subramanian et al. (2014) ✓   ✓   
Chuang and Huang (2015) ✓✓✓ ✓✓ ✓

Notes:

Explanation of specific factors: 1 = product, product characteristics, product innovation; 2 = quality of human resources, human systems; 3 = production, technology, technological innovation, use of ICT tools, online presence; 4 = strategy, strategic orientation; 5 = marketing, marketing innovation; 6 = domestic and international markets, internationalisation, intensity of competition; 7 = networking, cooperation, partnership, alliances; 8 = decision-making, organisation, management

Source: Own elaboration
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