Table 1.

The main characteristics of the selected articles

First authorYearCountryKeywords related to competenciesKeywords related to teaching and learning approach
Alves2017PortugalRemanufacturing, recycling, eco-efficiency, eco-design, LCAProject-based learning, report, presentation, discussion, blogs, prototypes
Bakirlioglu2021TurkeyDesign for circular economy, material exploration, innovation, recycling, upcycling, reuse, remanufacture, waste prevention, business model, collaborationCollaborative learning, project-based learning, internship, mentoring, masterclass, workshop, open education resource, group discussion, presentation, pitching, meeting with industry partners
de la Torre2021SpainSustainable energy, energy optimisation, transportation systems, decision-making, systems thinkingSimulation-based learning, serious gaming, scenario
Fraccascia2021The NetherlandsIndustrial symbiosis, business development, waste management, information flowsBusiness gaming, challenge-based learning, case-based essay, written exam
Gomes2022BrazilCircular design, environmental performance assessment, LCALearning by Doing, project, case study, lecture, simulation, design class, workshop, presentation
Gonzalez-Dominguez2020SpainProduct design and development, innovation, eco-design, LCA, packaging and distribution, resource optimisation, project management and leadershipCollaborative project-based learning, theory session, report
Khoury2023UKUrban water cycle, energy footprint, circular strategies: reduce, reuse, recoverySerious gaming, tournament, scenario, case study, discussion, expert panel
Kioupi2021UKProduct design, material criticalityActive learning, experiential learning, serious gaming, workshop, discussion
Kirchherr2019The NetherlandsCE concept, product design, circular business models, eco-industrial parks, macro-systemic effects, policy instruments, critical thinkingProblem-based learning, lecture, guest speaker, excursion, gaming, simulation, scenario, presentation, discussion
Kopnina2019The NetherlandsCircular products and production, green marketingClassroom ethnography, case-based learning, assignment, essay
Kopnina2022The NetherlandsCircular products and production, green marketingPost-qualitative inquiry, corporate case study, role-play game, lecture, debate, presentation
Kowasch2022AustriaEco-efficiency, consumption behaviour, recycling, upcycling and waste preventionExperiential learning, field trips, lecture, essay, industry interviews, presentation
Lagrasta2021ItalyBusiness model, supply chain, by-productsProblem-based learning, case-based learning, case study, presentation, discussion, flipped classroom
Lanz2019FinlandSustainable production and production systems, product development, manufacturingProblem-based learning, participatory learning, lecture, workshop, simulation, report
Manshoven2021BelgiumBusiness model, business strategy, entrepreneurship, strategic thinking, critical thinkingSerious gaming, board game, simulation
O’Born2022NorwaySystem thinking, material loops, circular design principlesActive learning, problem-based learning, lecture
Rodriguez-Chueca2020SpainLCA, industrial symbiosis, production processes, waste management, leadership, creativityChallenge-based learning, flipped classroom, case study, lecture
Sanchez-Romaguera2016UKSystem thinking, LCA, alternative energy sources and/or sustainable materials, circular design, business models, social and ethical implicationsProblem-based learning, project-based learning, collaborative learning, lecture, discussion, presentation, report
Summerton2019UKSystems thinking, manufacturing, life cycle thinking, product design, regulationActive learning, experiential learning, collaborative learning, workshop, case study, debate, presentation
Wandl2019The NetherlandsRegional spatial structures, material flows, waste chains, eco-innovative solutionsSituated learning, studio work, living lab, lecture, workshop, stakeholder discussion, mentoring, presentation
Whalen2018SwedenSystems thinking, material criticality, production of products, strategic thinkingSerious gaming, laboratory exercise, essay
Whitehill2022UKCircular design, waste as a resource, communication, systems thinking, creativity, innovationExperiential learning, collaborative learning, project, case study, lecture, exhibition, factory tour

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