Table 3. Characteristics of Living Lab... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3.

Characteristics of Living Lab contexts

Living Lab as hybrid learning space	Manifestation	References
As authentic learning environment	Living Lab on campus	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); Brundiers et al. (2010); Caetano et al. (2018); Carbone et al. (2019); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Felgueiras and Caetano (2018); Hector and Kohtala (2022); Illes and Kristianova (2022); Jernsand (2019); Lindstrom and Middlecamp (2017); Masseck (2013); O’Brien et al. (2021); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021)
	Living Lab in society	Beecroft (2018); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Dabaieh et al. (2017); Gleeson et al. (2012); Jernsand (2019); Krütli et al. (2018); Masseck (2017); McCormick and Kiss (2015); Moosavi and Bush (2021); Peterson (2018); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
	Living Lab between campus and society	Eriksson et al. (2015); Holmberg et al. (2015); Jernsand (2019); Kohn Rådberg et al. (2020); Larsson and Holmberg (2018)
As engagement with the real world	Real-world challenges	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); Brundiers et al. (2010); Dabaieh et al. (2017); Jernsand (2019); König (2015); Krütli et al. (2018); Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Lindstrom and Middlecamp (2017); Moosavi and Bush (2021); O’Brien et al. (2021); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021); Rey-Garcia and Mato-Santiso (2020); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Thorpe and Rhodes (2018); Zen (2017)
As engagement with the real world	Real-world stakeholders	Beecroft (2018); Brundiers et al. (2010); Carbone et al. (2019); Dabaieh et al. (2017); Eriksson et al. (2015); Evans et al. (2015); Holmberg et al. (2015); Illes and Kristianova (2022); Jernsand (2019); König (2015); Krütli et al. (2018); Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Masseck (2017); McCormick and Kiss (2015); Peterson (2018); Rey-Garcia and Mato-Santiso (2020); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Thorpe and Rhodes (2018); Trencher et al. (2015)

Living Lab as hybrid learning space	Manifestation	References
As authentic learning environment	Living Lab on campus	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); Brundiers et al. (2010); Caetano et al. (2018); Carbone et al. (2019); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Felgueiras and Caetano (2018); Hector and Kohtala (2022); Illes and Kristianova (2022); Jernsand (2019); Lindstrom and Middlecamp (2017); Masseck (2013); O’Brien et al. (2021); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021)
	Living Lab in society	Beecroft (2018); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Dabaieh et al. (2017); Gleeson et al. (2012); Jernsand (2019); Krütli et al. (2018); Masseck (2017); McCormick and Kiss (2015); Moosavi and Bush (2021); Peterson (2018); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
	Living Lab between campus and society	Eriksson et al. (2015); Holmberg et al. (2015); Jernsand (2019); Kohn Rådberg et al. (2020); Larsson and Holmberg (2018)
As engagement with the real world	Real-world challenges	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); Brundiers et al. (2010); Dabaieh et al. (2017); Jernsand (2019); König (2015); Krütli et al. (2018); Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Lindstrom and Middlecamp (2017); Moosavi and Bush (2021); O’Brien et al. (2021); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021); Rey-Garcia and Mato-Santiso (2020); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Thorpe and Rhodes (2018); Zen (2017)
As engagement with the real world	Real-world stakeholders	Beecroft (2018); Brundiers et al. (2010); Carbone et al. (2019); Dabaieh et al. (2017); Eriksson et al. (2015); Evans et al. (2015); Holmberg et al. (2015); Illes and Kristianova (2022); Jernsand (2019); König (2015); Krütli et al. (2018); Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Masseck (2017); McCormick and Kiss (2015); Peterson (2018); Rey-Garcia and Mato-Santiso (2020); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Thorpe and Rhodes (2018); Trencher et al. (2015)

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