Table 6. Characteristics of learning...

Table 6.

Characteristics of learning outcomes

Realist construct	Enablers	References
Outcome: address sustainability challenges practically
Context	Authentic learning environment	Dabaieh et al. (2018); Dabaieh et al. (2017); Krütli et al. (2018); Masseck (2013); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021)
Context	Engagement with the real world	Brundiers et al. (2021); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Jernsand (2019); Krütli et al. (2018); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Moosavi and Bush (2021); Zen (2017)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Felgueiras and Caetano (2018); Hector and Kohtala (2022); Holmberg et al. (2015); Holmén et al. (2021); Lake et al. (2016); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021)
Intervention	Instructive pedagogy	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Lake et al. (2016); Moosavi and Bush (2021)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Brundiers et al. (2010); Carbone et al. (2019); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Dabaieh et al. (2017); Hector and Kohtala (2022); Holmberg et al. (2015); Lake et al. (2016); Moosavi and Bush (2021); O’Brien et al. (2021); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021)
Mechanism	Collaborative learning	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); Felgueiras and Caetano (2018); Holmén et al. (2021); Lake et al. (2016); Moosavi and Bush (2021); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021)
Outcomes: handle complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity
Context	Authentic learning environment	Brundiers et al. (2010); McCormick and Kiss (2015)
Context	Engagement with the real world	Carbone et al. (2019); Lake et al. (2016)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Carbone et al. (2019); Holmberg et al. (2015); Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018)
Intervention	Instructive pedagogy	Carbone et al. (2019)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Brundiers et al. (2010); Carbone et al. (2019); Holmberg et al. (2015); Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); McCormick and Kiss (2015)
Mechanism	Collaborative learning	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); König (2015); Lake et al. (2016); Moosavi and Bush (2021)
Outcomes: act as change agent
Context	Authentic learning environment	Holmberg et al. (2015); Lindstrom and Middlecamp (2017); McCormick and Kiss (2015); Peterson (2018); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Context	Engagement with the real world	Holmberg et al. (2015)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Dabaieh et al. (2018); Holmberg et al. (2015); Holmén et al. (2021); Lindstrom and Middlecamp (2017); Peterson (2018); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Intervention	Instructive pedagogy	Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Dabaieh et al. (2018); Peterson (2018)
	Collaborative learning	Lake et al. (2016)
	Re-imaginative learning	Holmén et al. (2021); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Outcomes: collaborate and communicate effectively
Context	Engagement with the real world	Brundiers et al. (2010); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Holmén et al. (2021); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Roysen and Cruz (2020); Zen (2017)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Brundiers et al. (2010); Illes and Kristianova (2022); Lake et al. (2016); Roysen and Cruz (2020); Zen (2017)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Brundiers et al. (2010); Hector and Kohtala (2022)
Mechanism	Collaborative learning	Brundiers et al. (2010); Hector and Kohtala (2022); Lake et al. (2016); Masseck (2013); Thorpe and Rhodes (2018)
Outcomes: think and reflect critically
Context	Engagement with the real world	Jernsand (2019); Lake et al. (2016)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Gleeson et al. (2012); Hector and Kohtala (2022); Holmén et al. (2021); Jernsand (2019); König (2015); Lake et al. (2016); O’Brien et al. (2021)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Carbone et al. (2019); Gleeson et al. (2012); Hector and Kohtala (2022); König (2015); O’Brien et al. (2021)
	Collaborative learning	Jernsand (2019); Lake et al. (2016)
	Contemplative learning	Holmén et al. (2021); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
	Re-imaginative learning	Holmén et al. (2021)
Outcomes: develop personally
Context	Authentic learning environment	Dabaieh et al. (2018); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Context	Engagement with the real world	Kohn Rådberg et al. (2020); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Moosavi and Bush (2021); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Roysen and Cruz (2020); Thorpe and Rhodes (2018)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Dabaieh et al. (2018); Holmberg et al. (2015); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
	Collaborative learning	Hector and Kohtala (2022); Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Moosavi and Bush (2021); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Thorpe and Rhodes (2018)
	Contemplative learning	Roysen and Cruz (2020)

Realist construct	Enablers	References
Outcome: address sustainability challenges practically
Context	Authentic learning environment	Dabaieh et al. (2018); Dabaieh et al. (2017); Krütli et al. (2018); Masseck (2013); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021)
Context	Engagement with the real world	Brundiers et al. (2021); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Jernsand (2019); Krütli et al. (2018); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Moosavi and Bush (2021); Zen (2017)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Felgueiras and Caetano (2018); Hector and Kohtala (2022); Holmberg et al. (2015); Holmén et al. (2021); Lake et al. (2016); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021)
Intervention	Instructive pedagogy	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Lake et al. (2016); Moosavi and Bush (2021)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Brundiers et al. (2010); Carbone et al. (2019); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Dabaieh et al. (2017); Hector and Kohtala (2022); Holmberg et al. (2015); Lake et al. (2016); Moosavi and Bush (2021); O’Brien et al. (2021); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021)
Mechanism	Collaborative learning	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); Felgueiras and Caetano (2018); Holmén et al. (2021); Lake et al. (2016); Moosavi and Bush (2021); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021)
Outcomes: handle complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity
Context	Authentic learning environment	Brundiers et al. (2010); McCormick and Kiss (2015)
Context	Engagement with the real world	Carbone et al. (2019); Lake et al. (2016)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Carbone et al. (2019); Holmberg et al. (2015); Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018)
Intervention	Instructive pedagogy	Carbone et al. (2019)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Brundiers et al. (2010); Carbone et al. (2019); Holmberg et al. (2015); Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); McCormick and Kiss (2015)
Mechanism	Collaborative learning	Bakırlıoğlu and McMahon (2021); König (2015); Lake et al. (2016); Moosavi and Bush (2021)
Outcomes: act as change agent
Context	Authentic learning environment	Holmberg et al. (2015); Lindstrom and Middlecamp (2017); McCormick and Kiss (2015); Peterson (2018); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Context	Engagement with the real world	Holmberg et al. (2015)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Dabaieh et al. (2018); Holmberg et al. (2015); Holmén et al. (2021); Lindstrom and Middlecamp (2017); Peterson (2018); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Intervention	Instructive pedagogy	Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Dabaieh et al. (2018); Peterson (2018)
	Collaborative learning	Lake et al. (2016)
	Re-imaginative learning	Holmén et al. (2021); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Outcomes: collaborate and communicate effectively
Context	Engagement with the real world	Brundiers et al. (2010); Dabaieh et al. (2018); Holmén et al. (2021); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Roysen and Cruz (2020); Zen (2017)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Brundiers et al. (2010); Illes and Kristianova (2022); Lake et al. (2016); Roysen and Cruz (2020); Zen (2017)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Brundiers et al. (2010); Hector and Kohtala (2022)
Mechanism	Collaborative learning	Brundiers et al. (2010); Hector and Kohtala (2022); Lake et al. (2016); Masseck (2013); Thorpe and Rhodes (2018)
Outcomes: think and reflect critically
Context	Engagement with the real world	Jernsand (2019); Lake et al. (2016)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Gleeson et al. (2012); Hector and Kohtala (2022); Holmén et al. (2021); Jernsand (2019); König (2015); Lake et al. (2016); O’Brien et al. (2021)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Carbone et al. (2019); Gleeson et al. (2012); Hector and Kohtala (2022); König (2015); O’Brien et al. (2021)
	Collaborative learning	Jernsand (2019); Lake et al. (2016)
	Contemplative learning	Holmén et al. (2021); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
	Re-imaginative learning	Holmén et al. (2021)
Outcomes: develop personally
Context	Authentic learning environment	Dabaieh et al. (2018); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Context	Engagement with the real world	Kohn Rådberg et al. (2020); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Moosavi and Bush (2021); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Roysen and Cruz (2020); Thorpe and Rhodes (2018)
Intervention	Emancipatory pedagogy	Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
Mechanism	Experiential learning	Dabaieh et al. (2018); Holmberg et al. (2015); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Roysen and Cruz (2020)
	Collaborative learning	Hector and Kohtala (2022); Lake et al. (2016); Larsson and Holmberg (2018); Moosavi and Bush (2021); Ramchunder and Ziegler (2021); Roswag-Klinge et al. (2019); Thorpe and Rhodes (2018)
	Contemplative learning	Roysen and Cruz (2020)

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