Table 2 Measurements, factor loadings,...

Table 2

Measurements, factor loadings, reliability and validity

Constructs/Items	λ	α	CR	AVE
Transparency (TRSP)		0.781	0.893	0.627
Trans1: PEs exclusively use e-procurement in procurement activities	0.718
Trans2: Annual procurement plans are openly available to all bidders on time	0.884
Trans3: Contractors are given equal chances to participate in bidding processes	0.790
Trans4. PEs made tender notices publicly available to all bidders	0.806
Trans5: PE carries public bid opening immediately after submission deadlines	0.751
Accountability (ACC)		0.706	0.778	0.540
Acc1: Public officials comply with procurement laws and regulations	0.462*
Acc2: PEs have streamlined mechanisms for logging rewards and punishments	0.713
Acc3: Public officials accept liability to sanctions dues to unethical practices	0.797
Acc4: PEs have streamlined procedures for reporting procurement malpractices	0.691
Competition (COMP)		0.884	0.869	0.625
Comp1: PEs use competitive tendering as the default method of procurement	0.706
Comp2: Bidders exclusively participate in a pre-qualification process	0.838
Comp3: PEs exclusively carry out post-qualification processes	0.876
Comp4: PEs avoid dividing contracts to circumvent thresholds for open tenders	0.729
Integrity of contract (INTEG)		0.741	0.916	0.733
Integ1: PEs effect payment to bidders within a specified and agreed timeframe	0.839
Inget2: Bidders receive interest on late payment	0.919
Inget3: Evaluation criteria are kept unchanged after bids opening	0.868
Integ4: PEs prohibit employing contractors who are improperly selected	0.793
Integ5: PE properly aside funds before starting procurement processes	0.409*
Value for money (VfM)		0.835	0.916	0.785
VfM1: PEs have achieved cost-effectiveness	0.844
VfM2: PEs have achieved efficiency in construction projects	0.903
VfM3: PEs have achieved acceptable quality in construction projects	0.910

Constructs/Items	λ	α	CR	AVE
Transparency (TRSP)		0.781	0.893	0.627
Trans1: PEs exclusively use e-procurement in procurement activities	0.718
Trans2: Annual procurement plans are openly available to all bidders on time	0.884
Trans3: Contractors are given equal chances to participate in bidding processes	0.790
Trans4. PEs made tender notices publicly available to all bidders	0.806
Trans5: PE carries public bid opening immediately after submission deadlines	0.751
Accountability (ACC)		0.706	0.778	0.540
Acc1: Public officials comply with procurement laws and regulations	0.462*
Acc2: PEs have streamlined mechanisms for logging rewards and punishments	0.713
Acc3: Public officials accept liability to sanctions dues to unethical practices	0.797
Acc4: PEs have streamlined procedures for reporting procurement malpractices	0.691
Competition (COMP)		0.884	0.869	0.625
Comp1: PEs use competitive tendering as the default method of procurement	0.706
Comp2: Bidders exclusively participate in a pre-qualification process	0.838
Comp3: PEs exclusively carry out post-qualification processes	0.876
Comp4: PEs avoid dividing contracts to circumvent thresholds for open tenders	0.729
Integrity of contract (INTEG)		0.741	0.916	0.733
Integ1: PEs effect payment to bidders within a specified and agreed timeframe	0.839
Inget2: Bidders receive interest on late payment	0.919
Inget3: Evaluation criteria are kept unchanged after bids opening	0.868
Integ4: PEs prohibit employing contractors who are improperly selected	0.793
Integ5: PE properly aside funds before starting procurement processes	0.409*
Value for money (VfM)		0.835	0.916	0.785
VfM1: PEs have achieved cost-effectiveness	0.844
VfM2: PEs have achieved efficiency in construction projects	0.903
VfM3: PEs have achieved acceptable quality in construction projects	0.910

Source(s): Table by authors

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