Table 3

Frequency of claims, modality, verifiability, grounds and backing

Type of claimCurrent study
(77 reports)
Almond et al. (2007)
(47 reports)
Total number of claims1,304 (100.0)805 (100.0)
Modality of claims:
a. None
b. Possible
c. Probable/definite
60 (4.6%)
487 (37.4%)
757 (58.1%)
4 (0.5%) 58 (7.2%)743 (92.3%)
Verifiability of claims:
a. Unverifiable
b. Verifiable
512 (39.3%)
792 (60.7%)
238 (29.6%)
567 (70.4%)
Grounds provided1,286 (98.6%)776 (96.4%)
Warrant567 (44.1%)506 (62.9%)
Backing371 (28.8%)274 (34.0%)
Rebuttal37 (2.8)57 (7.0%)
Source: Authors’ own creation

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