Table 1 Variable definitions, data... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Variable definitions, data sources and summary statistics

Variable	Definition and construction	Data source	Observations	Mean	SD	Median	Min	Max
Asset turnover	Ratio of sales to total assets of the firm	Thomson Reuters	79201	0.262	0.177	0.223	0.017	0.983
Capital expenditure (%)	Expenditures for factories, equipment, software development costs and intangible assets that have a useful life of more than one year as percentage of total assets	Thomson Reuters	53497	1.176	1.284	0.788	0.000	7.291
Remote working	A measure based on the industry-wise proportion of remote working jobs	Dingel and Neiman (2020)	79201	0.332	0.228	0.277	0.018	0.930
Remote working wage	A measure based on industry-wise wage proportion of remote working jobs	Dingel and Neiman (2020)	79201	0.423	0.237	0.399	0.038	0.959
Team interaction	A measure based on the internal communication with co-workers	Koren and Pető (2020)	78803	22.619	11.080	18.000	5.000	50.000
Customer interaction	A measure based on the external communication with customers	Koren and Pető (2020)	78803	18.604	19.886	8.000	3.000	90.000
Face2Face interaction	A measure based on the extent of personal relationships required or working directly with public in an occupation	Avdiu and Nayyar (2020)	79201	1.050	0.195	0.968	0.832	1.719
High remote working	A dummy variable that equals 1 for above-median Remote working score and 0 otherwise	Dingel and Neiman (2020)	79201	0.536	0.499	1.000	0.000	1.000
High remote working wage	A dummy variable that equals 1 for above-median Remote working wage score and 0 otherwise	Dingel and Neiman (2020)	79201	0.517	0.500	1.000	0.000	1.000
High team interaction	A dummy variable that equals 1 for above-median Team interaction score and 0 otherwise	Koren and Pető (2020)	78803	0.500	0.500	0.000	0.000	1.000
High customer interaction	A dummy variable that equals 1 for above-median Customer interaction score and 0 otherwise	Koren and Pető (2020)	78803	0.483	0.500	0.000	0.000	1.000
High Face2Face interaction	A dummy variable that equals 1 for above-median Face2Face interaction and 0 otherwise	Avdiu and Nayyar (2020)	79201	0.558	0.497	1.000	0.000	1.000
Liquidity	Cash and cash equivalents scaled by total assets	Thomson Reuters	79201	0.146	0.146	0.101	0.000	0.675
Leverage	Debt-to-Equity ratio of the firm	Thomson Reuters	79201	0.752	1.335	0.406	−3.151	8.245
Profitability	Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) scaled by total assets of the firm	Thomson Reuters	79201	0.024	0.027	0.023	−0.088	0.111
Size	Logarithm of total assets of the firm (USD)	Thomson Reuters	79201	13.291	2.019	13.223	6.891	17.812
Δ Tangibility	Change in tangibility scaled by total assets	Thomson Reuters	75602	0.004	0.025	0.001	−0.072	0.148
Δ Debt	Change in debt scaled by total assets	Thomson Reuters	75877	0.005	0.044	0.000	−0.129	0.220
Δ Cash	Change in cash scaled by total assets	Thomson Reuters	76871	0.004	0.047	0.0000	−0.142	0.213

Variable	Definition and construction	Data source	Observations	Mean	SD	Median	Min	Max
Asset turnover	Ratio of sales to total assets of the firm	Thomson Reuters	79201	0.262	0.177	0.223	0.017	0.983
Capital expenditure (%)	Expenditures for factories, equipment, software development costs and intangible assets that have a useful life of more than one year as percentage of total assets	Thomson Reuters	53497	1.176	1.284	0.788	0.000	7.291
Remote working	A measure based on the industry-wise proportion of remote working jobs	Dingel and Neiman (2020)	79201	0.332	0.228	0.277	0.018	0.930
Remote working wage	A measure based on industry-wise wage proportion of remote working jobs	Dingel and Neiman (2020)	79201	0.423	0.237	0.399	0.038	0.959
Team interaction	A measure based on the internal communication with co-workers	Koren and Pető (2020)	78803	22.619	11.080	18.000	5.000	50.000
Customer interaction	A measure based on the external communication with customers	Koren and Pető (2020)	78803	18.604	19.886	8.000	3.000	90.000
Face2Face interaction	A measure based on the extent of personal relationships required or working directly with public in an occupation	Avdiu and Nayyar (2020)	79201	1.050	0.195	0.968	0.832	1.719
High remote working	A dummy variable that equals 1 for above-medianRemote working score and 0 otherwise	Dingel and Neiman (2020)	79201	0.536	0.499	1.000	0.000	1.000
High remote working wage	A dummy variable that equals 1 for above-medianRemote working wage score and 0 otherwise	Dingel and Neiman (2020)	79201	0.517	0.500	1.000	0.000	1.000
High team interaction	A dummy variable that equals 1 for above-medianTeam interaction score and 0 otherwise	Koren and Pető (2020)	78803	0.500	0.500	0.000	0.000	1.000
High customer interaction	A dummy variable that equals 1 for above-medianCustomer interaction score and 0 otherwise	Koren and Pető (2020)	78803	0.483	0.500	0.000	0.000	1.000
High Face2Face interaction	A dummy variable that equals 1 for above-medianFace2Face interaction and 0 otherwise	Avdiu and Nayyar (2020)	79201	0.558	0.497	1.000	0.000	1.000
Liquidity	Cash and cash equivalents scaled by total assets	Thomson Reuters	79201	0.146	0.146	0.101	0.000	0.675
Leverage	Debt-to-Equity ratio of the firm	Thomson Reuters	79201	0.752	1.335	0.406	−3.151	8.245
Profitability	Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) scaled by total assets of the firm	Thomson Reuters	79201	0.024	0.027	0.023	−0.088	0.111
Size	Logarithm of total assets of the firm (USD)	Thomson Reuters	79201	13.291	2.019	13.223	6.891	17.812
Δ Tangibility	Change in tangibility scaled by total assets	Thomson Reuters	75602	0.004	0.025	0.001	−0.072	0.148
Δ Debt	Change in debt scaled by total assets	Thomson Reuters	75877	0.005	0.044	0.000	−0.129	0.220
Δ Cash	Change in cash scaled by total assets	Thomson Reuters	76871	0.004	0.047	0.0000	−0.142	0.213

Source(s): Authors’ computations