Table 4

WFH amenability and activity: Developed vs emerging market economies

Developed economiesEmerging economies
(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)
Panel A – capital expenditure
High remote working × COVID-190.207***    0.064    
(0.035)    (0.072)    
High remote working wage × COVID-19 0.171***    0.044   
 (0.034)    (0.071)   
High team interaction × COVID-19  0.116***    0.167**  
  (0.035)    (0.074)  
High customer interaction × COVID-19   −0.132***    −0.114* 
   (0.034)    (0.069) 
High Face2Face interaction × COVID-19    −0.134***    0.049
    (0.033)    (0.071)
Firm-level controlsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Firm fixed effectsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Country-year-quarter fixed effectsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Observations32,35532,35532,12632,12632,35519,13619,13619,11419,11419,136
Adjusted R20.5520.5520.5520.5520.5520.4950.4950.4950.4950.495
Panel B – asset turnover
High remote working × COVID-190.017***    0.002    
(0.003)    (0.004)    
High remote working wage × COVID-19 0.016***    0.001   
 (0.003)    (0.004)   
High team interaction × COVID-19  0.016***    0.004  
  (0.003)    (0.005)  
High customer interaction × COVID-19   −0.015***    −0.017*** 
   (0.003)    (0.005) 
High Face2Face interaction × COVID-19    −0.013***    −0.006
    (0.003)    (0.005)
Firm-level controlsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Firm fixed effectsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Country-year-quarter fixed effectsYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYesYes
Observations56,81956,81956,53456,53456,81920,12020,12020,09920,09920,120
Adjusted R20.9180.9180.9180.9180.9180.9030.9030.9030.9030.903

Note(s): The dependent variable in Panel A is Capital expenditure and that in Panel B is Asset turnover. Columns (1)-(5) show the results related to developed economies and columns (6)-(10) show the results related to emerging economies. The description of all variables is presented in Table 1. The standard errors are shown in parenthesis, which are clustered at the firm level. ***, **, *denotes significance level at 1, 5 and 10% respectively

Source(s): Authors’ computations

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