General procurement notes are readily available to all suppliers

Suppliers are given equal chances to participate in bidding process

Tender notices are publicly available to all pharmaceutical suppliers

PE carries public bid opening immediately after submission deadline

PE ensures competitive bidding in pharmaceutical procurement

PE comply with pharmaceutical procurement laws and guidelines

PE have robust internal controls and transparency mechanisms

Officials accept liability to sanctions resulted from corrupt practices

PE has clear roles for all stakeholders involved in the procurement

PE have efficient procedures for reporting procurement malpractices

Efficient monitoring of pharmaceutical procurement process

Increased transparency in pharmaceutical bidding process

Robust managerial control and audit of procurement process

Reduction of falsifications and alternation of facts

Reduced collusion and bid-rigging practices

Informal payments (bribery) to gain favouritism in bidding process

False recording, alteration and misrepresentation of information

Illicit payment to buyers in return of favouring award of contract

Embezzlement of budget allocated for pharmaceutical products

Collusion amongst bidders to determine the winning bidder