Table 6 Reliability and convergent...

Table 6

Reliability and convergent validity

Variables/Constructs	Items	Standardized factor loadings	Cronbach’s alpha	Composite reliability	Average variance extracted	Maximum shared variance
Time Management	Time_Mgmt1	0.723	0.77	0.879	0.592	0.369
	Time_Mgmt2	0.816
	Time_Mgmt3	0.774
	Time_Mgmt4	0.751
	Time_Mgmt5	0.780
Peer Interaction	Peer_Int1	0.716	0.74	0.860	0.553	0.419
	Peer_Int2	0.746
	Peer_Int3	0.829
	Peer_Int4	0.722
	Peer_Int5	0.699
Student Engagement	Student_Egmt1	0.804	0.80	0.879	0.645	0.369
	Student_Egmt2	0.803
	Student_Egmt3	0.808
	Student_Egmt4	0.798
Instructor Involvement	Inst_Invol1	0.785	0.78	0.861	0.610	0.419
	Inst_Invol2	0.852
	Inst_Invol3	0.818
	Inst_Invol4	0.656
Student Performance	Student_Perf1	0.747	0.78	0.831	0.628	0.168
	Student_Perf2	0.963
	Student_Perf3	0.630

Variables/Constructs	Items	Standardized factor loadings	Cronbach’s alpha	Composite reliability	Average variance extracted	Maximum shared variance
Time Management	Time_Mgmt1	0.723	0.77	0.879	0.592	0.369
	Time_Mgmt2	0.816
	Time_Mgmt3	0.774
	Time_Mgmt4	0.751
	Time_Mgmt5	0.780
Peer Interaction	Peer_Int1	0.716	0.74	0.860	0.553	0.419
	Peer_Int2	0.746
	Peer_Int3	0.829
	Peer_Int4	0.722
	Peer_Int5	0.699
Student Engagement	Student_Egmt1	0.804	0.80	0.879	0.645	0.369
	Student_Egmt2	0.803
	Student_Egmt3	0.808
	Student_Egmt4	0.798
Instructor Involvement	Inst_Invol1	0.785	0.78	0.861	0.610	0.419
	Inst_Invol2	0.852
	Inst_Invol3	0.818
	Inst_Invol4	0.656
Student Performance	Student_Perf1	0.747	0.78	0.831	0.628	0.168
	Student_Perf2	0.963
	Student_Perf3	0.630

Note(s): Model fitness: X² = 413.201, df = 177, X²/df = 2.344, RMSEA = 0.082, CFI = 0.884

Source(s): Authors’ own construct from validation 2024

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