Table 6 Robustness short-term two-step...

Table 6

Robustness short-term two-step system GMM estimates of the effect of per capita income growth on bipolar and depression disorders

	Bipolar	Depression	Bipolar	Depression
L.Bipolar	0.9728*** (0.0082)		0.9931*** (0.0048)
Per capita income growth	−0.0014*** (0.0003)	−0.0011** (0.0005)	−0.0010*** (0.0003)	−0.0024*** (0.0008)
Public health expenditure	−0.0089*** (0.0032)	−0.0082 (0.0074)	−0.0040* (0.0023)	−0.0069 (0.0072)
Out-of-pocket health expenditure	−0.0203*** (0.0024)	−0.0560*** (0.0075)	−0.0004 (0.0031)	−0.0637*** (0.0148)
Population growth	−0.0171*** (0.0024)	−0.0244*** (0.0049)	−0.0093*** (0.0024)	−0.0247*** (0.0039)
Physician density	−0.0165*** (0.0022)	−0.0249*** (0.0058)	−0.0128*** (0.0029)	−0.0612*** (0.0193)
L.Depression		0.9460*** (0.0152)		0.9406*** (0.0221)
Interpersonal violence			0.0644*** (0.0079)	0.0458 (0.0622)
Constant	−0.0052 (0.0391)	0.0884 (0.0591)	0.2290*** (0.0371)	0.2601* (0.1368)
Observations	145	145	145	145
No. of groups	42	42	42	42
No. of instruments	35	33	35	35
ARB test	1.0439	−1.6080	0.0167	−1.2622
ARB test p-value	0.2965	0.1078	0.9866	0.2069
Hansen j	28.0618	23.4395	27.2568	29.7227
Hansen j p-value	0.3050	0.3773	0.2926	0.1941
F-stat.	5,929.6082	1,383.3705	172,836.6729	771.2421
F-stat. p-value	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000

	Bipolar	Depression	Bipolar	Depression
L.Bipolar	0.9728*** (0.0082)		0.9931*** (0.0048)
Per capita income growth	−0.0014*** (0.0003)	−0.0011** (0.0005)	−0.0010*** (0.0003)	−0.0024*** (0.0008)
Public health expenditure	−0.0089*** (0.0032)	−0.0082 (0.0074)	−0.0040* (0.0023)	−0.0069 (0.0072)
Out-of-pocket health expenditure	−0.0203*** (0.0024)	−0.0560*** (0.0075)	−0.0004 (0.0031)	−0.0637*** (0.0148)
Population growth	−0.0171*** (0.0024)	−0.0244*** (0.0049)	−0.0093*** (0.0024)	−0.0247*** (0.0039)
Physician density	−0.0165*** (0.0022)	−0.0249*** (0.0058)	−0.0128*** (0.0029)	−0.0612*** (0.0193)
L.Depression		0.9460*** (0.0152)		0.9406*** (0.0221)
Interpersonal violence			0.0644*** (0.0079)	0.0458 (0.0622)
Constant	−0.0052 (0.0391)	0.0884 (0.0591)	0.2290*** (0.0371)	0.2601* (0.1368)
Observations	145	145	145	145
No. of groups	42	42	42	42
No. of instruments	35	33	35	35
ARB test	1.0439	−1.6080	0.0167	−1.2622
ARB test p-value	0.2965	0.1078	0.9866	0.2069
Hansen j	28.0618	23.4395	27.2568	29.7227
Hansen j p-value	0.3050	0.3773	0.2926	0.1941
F-stat.	5,929.6082	1,383.3705	172,836.6729	771.2421
F-stat. p-value	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000

Notes:

Standard errors in parentheses; *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01; ARB test = Arellano–Bond second-order serial correlation test; Hansen j = Hansen overidentification test; L. = first lag; Bipolar, depression, health expenditure and interpersonal violence indicators are log-transformed. For brevity, year dummies are not reported

Source: Authors’ computation using data from the GBD and WDI databases

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