Table 7

Robustness long-term two-step system GMM estimates of the effect of per capita income growth on bipolar and depression disorders

BipolarDepressionBipolarDepression
Per capita income growth−0.0520*** (0.0134)−0.0211** (0.0094)−0.1373* (0.0754)−0.0412*** (0.0150)
Public health expenditure−0.3281*** (0.1211)−0.1511 (0.1334)−0.5749 (0.5342)−0.1161 (0.1414)
Out-of-pocket health expenditure−0.7459*** (0.2185)−1.0366*** (0.3201)−0.0533 (0.4435)−1.0728* (0.5789)
Population growth−0.6310*** (0.1591)−0.4514*** (0.1213)−1.3349* (0.7099)−0.4152** (0.1755)
Physician density−0.6086*** (0.1454)−0.4613*** (0.1208)−1.8405* (0.9601)−1.0304* (0.6023)
Interpersonal violence  9.2692 (6.9945)0.7701 (0.8307)
Constant−0.1918 (1.3851)1.6369 (1.4983)32.9438 (27.2624)4.3770** (2.1990)
Observations145145145145

Notes:

Standard errors in parentheses; *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01; Bipolar, depression, health expenditure and interpersonal violence indicators are log-transformed

Source: Authors’ computation using data from the GBD and WDI databases

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