Summary of studies used in selecting the control variables
| Author(s) | Objective and setting | Related control variable(s) | Estimation technique | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arthur and Oaikhenan (2017) | To find out how health expenditure affects health outcomes (infant mortality, under-five mortality, life expectancy) in 40 sub-Saharan African countries | Total health expenditure, public health expenditure, private health expenditure | Fixed effects regression | Health expenditure indicators were found to improve health outcomes |
| Immurana (2021a) | To investigate the effect of FDI on life expectancy and death rate in 43 African countries | Physician density | Fixed effects and random effects regressions | FDI and physician density were found to improve life expectancy and death rate |
| Nketiah-Amponsah (2019) | To assess the effect of health expenditure on health outcomes (maternal mortality, under-five mortality, life expectancy) in 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa | Total health expenditure, physician density | Fixed effects and random effects regressions | In general, health expenditure and physician density were found to be associated with improved health outcomes |
| Novignon and Lawanson (2017) | To find out the effect of health expenditure on child health outcomes in 45 countries in sub-Sharan Africa | Total health expenditure, public health expenditure, private health expenditure | Fixed effects and random effects regressions | While private health expenditure was insignificant, total and public health expenditure were found to enhance child health outcomes |
| Ziaei and Hammarström (2023) | To find out the relationship between interpersonal violence and mental health symptoms in Sweden | Interpersonal violence | General linear regression | Interpersonal violence was found to have a positive association with mental health symptoms |
| Arshad et al. (2021) | Among others, the study examined the effect of population growth on human development (including health) in Pakistan | Population growth | Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model | The study found a negative association between population growth and human development |
| Author(s) | Objective and setting | Related control variable(s) | Estimation technique | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| To find out how health expenditure affects health outcomes (infant mortality, under-five mortality, life expectancy) in 40 sub-Saharan African countries | Total health expenditure, public health expenditure, private health expenditure | Fixed effects regression | Health expenditure indicators were found to improve health outcomes | |
| To investigate the effect of FDI on life expectancy and death rate in 43 African countries | Physician density | Fixed effects and random effects regressions | FDI and physician density were found to improve life expectancy and death rate | |
| To assess the effect of health expenditure on health outcomes (maternal mortality, under-five mortality, life expectancy) in 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa | Total health expenditure, physician density | Fixed effects and random effects regressions | In general, health expenditure and physician density were found to be associated with improved health outcomes | |
| To find out the effect of health expenditure on child health outcomes in 45 countries in sub-Sharan Africa | Total health expenditure, public health expenditure, private health expenditure | Fixed effects and random effects regressions | While private health expenditure was insignificant, total and public health expenditure were found to enhance child health outcomes | |
| To find out the relationship between interpersonal violence and mental health symptoms in Sweden | Interpersonal violence | General linear regression | Interpersonal violence was found to have a positive association with mental health symptoms | |
| Among others, the study examined the effect of population growth on human development (including health) in Pakistan | Population growth | Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model | The study found a negative association between population growth and human development |
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