Table 3

Exemplars of company positioning

PositioningDescriptionIllustrative examples
Protector/Advocate n = 66; 75%The company positions itself as staunchly pro-consumer; an advocate for consumers rights and protector of consumer dataWe never provide any law enforcement or government organization with access to user data or the company’s infrastructure. (Kaspersky)
We have taken aggressive measures to protect our users’ information and data from unwanted third parties, and you deserve to know what we are doing with your data. (Virtru)
At GitHub, we put developers first, and we work hard to provide a safe, open and inclusive platform for code collaboration. This means we are committed to minimizing the disruption of software projects, protecting developer privacy and being transparent with developers about content moderation and disclosure of user information. (Github)
When the foundation does receive a request, we thoroughly evaluate it, and we push back against those requests that could harm users’ human rights or affect their ability to determine what content should be on the projects. And when we must respond to the small number of valid takedown notices we receive, we tell you. (Wikimedia)
CREDO has a long history of defending civil liberties and fighting against abuses of power that threaten Americans’ constitutional rights to privacy. We are working for full repeal of the USA PATRIOT Act and FISA Amendments Act. Until such time as full repeal can be achieved, as well as afterward, we strongly believe there should be as much transparency as possible regarding government surveillance, and that our customers have the right to know when governmental entities request access to their information or communications. (CREDO Mobile)
Reluctant Compliance/Passive n = 20; 22.7%The company positions itself as a passive conduit or positions itself as the recipient of government pressure to release user informationKakao responds to the government’s requests based on the necessity for warrants and shares the relevant situation with users in a transparent manner to securely manage personal information and faithfully fulfill the obligations of realizing the public interest as a member of the society. (Kakao)
We include all the information we are legally permitted to disclose, to the extent we maintain such information. (T-Mobile)
Telia company and its local subsidiaries – like all telecommunications companies – are obliged by laws in the countries within which we operate to assist authorities for purposes such as enforcing criminal law. We are only to disclose customer information in accordance with the law. (Telia)
Telecommunications companies are required by law to assist security authorities with surveillance measures or by handing over data for law enforcement. It is very important to us that we make our activities as transparent as possible within the framework of these legal obligations. (Deutsche Telekom)
No Position n = 2; 2.3%Company takes a nonposition approach to presenting data; data is presented with little context or narrative explanationVMWare publishes annual reports to show number of law enforcement requests received from around the world. (VMWare)
The LINE Transparency Report is a regular report on how LINE handles data for its various services, and sheds light on LINE’s approach toward running the platform. (LINE)
Source: Authors’ work

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