Variable operational definition
| City brand personality | |
| CBP1 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a humble impression |
| CBP2 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has an honest impression |
| CBP3 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a prosperous impression |
| CBP4 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a cheerful impression |
| CBP5 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a bold impression |
| CBP6 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a vibrant impression |
| CBP7 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has an imaginative impression |
| CBP8 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has an up-to-date impression |
| CBP9 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a reliable impression |
| CBP10 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a smart impression |
| CBP11 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a successful impression |
| CBP12 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a high-class impression |
| CBP13 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a charming impression |
| CBP14 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has an outdoor impression |
| CBP15 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a strong impression |
| Brand experience | |
| BE1 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” gives a strong impression on the five senses, visually or in other ways |
| BE2 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” is sensorily appealing |
| BE3 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” creates a sense and sensitivity in me |
| BE4 | This city is an emotional place for me |
| BE5 | I am involved in various activities while in this city |
| BE6 | This city gives me a physical experience |
| BE7 | While in this city, I am thinking a lot about this city |
| BE8 | This city stimulates my curiosity and problem-solving skills |
| Brand satisfaction | |
| BS1 | Overall, I like living in this city |
| BS2 | I feel this city is a nice and liveable city |
| BS3 | I am satisfied with the city where I live |
| Risk perception | |
| RP1 | I feel there is a high possibility to be infected by COVID-19 |
| RP2 | I feel there is a higher chance to be infected by COVID-19 compared to other people |
| RP3 | I feel there is a higher chance to be infected by COVID-19 compared to other diseases |
| RP4 | I feel there is a high possibility of dying from COVID-19 |
| RP5 | I am worried I will catch COVID-19 |
| RP6 | I am worried that my family members will catch COVID-19 |
| RP7 | I am worried that COVID-19 will happen in my area |
| RP8 | I am worried that COVID-19 will cause various health problems |
| Revisit intention | |
| RI1 | I intend to revisit this city |
| RI2 | I am willing to revisit this city |
| RI3 | I will try to revisit this city |
| RI4 | I am willing to spend time and money to revisit this city |
| CBP1 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a humble impression |
| CBP2 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has an honest impression |
| CBP3 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a prosperous impression |
| CBP4 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a cheerful impression |
| CBP5 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a bold impression |
| CBP6 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a vibrant impression |
| CBP7 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has an imaginative impression |
| CBP8 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has an up-to-date impression |
| CBP9 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a reliable impression |
| CBP10 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a smart impression |
| CBP11 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a successful impression |
| CBP12 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a high-class impression |
| CBP13 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a charming impression |
| CBP14 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has an outdoor impression |
| CBP15 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” has a strong impression |
| BE1 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” gives a strong impression on the five senses, visually or in other ways |
| BE2 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” is sensorily appealing |
| BE3 | City brand Malang Regency “The Heart of East Java” creates a sense and sensitivity in me |
| BE4 | This city is an emotional place for me |
| BE5 | I am involved in various activities while in this city |
| BE6 | This city gives me a physical experience |
| BE7 | While in this city, I am thinking a lot about this city |
| BE8 | This city stimulates my curiosity and problem-solving skills |
| BS1 | Overall, I like living in this city |
| BS2 | I feel this city is a nice and liveable city |
| BS3 | I am satisfied with the city where I live |
| RP1 | I feel there is a high possibility to be infected by COVID-19 |
| RP2 | I feel there is a higher chance to be infected by COVID-19 compared to other people |
| RP3 | I feel there is a higher chance to be infected by COVID-19 compared to other diseases |
| RP4 | I feel there is a high possibility of dying from COVID-19 |
| RP5 | I am worried I will catch COVID-19 |
| RP6 | I am worried that my family members will catch COVID-19 |
| RP7 | I am worried that COVID-19 will happen in my area |
| RP8 | I am worried that COVID-19 will cause various health problems |
| RI1 | I intend to revisit this city |
| RI2 | I am willing to revisit this city |
| RI3 | I will try to revisit this city |
| RI4 | I am willing to spend time and money to revisit this city |
Source(s): Authors’ own elaboration