Table 14

Regression using GMM estimation

Independent variableFD GMMSYS GMM
ROATobin’s qROEROATobin’s qROE
ROA L10.134* (0.065)  0.111* (0.086)  
Tobin’s q L1 −0.032* (0.083)  0.129* (0.057) 
ROE L1  0.658* (0.075)  0.819*** (0.000)
ACSIZE0.073 (0.209)−0.145 (0.327)0.907 (0.399)0.049 (0.286)−0.121 (0.475)0.541 (0.533)
ACMEET0.002 (0.361)−0.032** (0.045)−0.035 (0.541)0.001 (0.683)−0.004* (0.079)−0.031 (0.633)
ACEXPERTISE0.179* (0.055)0.271** (0.029)0.360* (0.061)0.007* (0.070)0.215** (0.041)0.881* (0.094)
NRC0.030** (0.035)0.363*** (0.004)0.229** (0.022)0.038* (0.061)0.373** (0.046)0.105** (0.018)
IO0.041 (0.180)0.043 (0.686)0.199 (0.560)0.021 (0.580)0.034 (0.751)0.144 (0.693)
FO0.165* (0.057)0.082** (0.033)0.590* (0.080)0.151* (0.094)0.187* (0.061)0.013* (0.091)
ACSIZE × COV−0.056 (0.205)0.092* (0.085)−0.028 (0.235)−0.075 (0.355)0.098* (0.092)−0.032 (0.352)
ACMEET × COV−0.006 (0.751)−0.003* (0.073)−0.007 (0.765)−0.003 (0.855)−0.006* (0.053)−0.005 (0.812)
ACEXPERTISE × COV0.012* (0.076)0.183** (0.041)0.443* (0.074)0.024* (0.081)0.172** (0.021)0.439* (0.094)
NRC × COV−0.020** (0.041)−0.040* (0.065)−0.080** (0.025)−0.009* (0.061)−0.029** (0.046)−0.039* (0.083)
IO × COV0.040 (0.187)0.047 (0.657)0.202 (0.552)0.020 (0.591)0.038 (0.721)0.136 (0.707)
FO × COV−0.028* (0.074)−0.013* (0.092)−0.178* (0.084)−0.004* (0.091)−0.045* (0.050)−0.019* (0.094)
LEV−0.398*** (0.005)−0.690*** (0.006)−0.328 (0.791)−0.234* (0.091)−0.652** (0.011)−0.263 (0.747)
GROWTH0.045 (0.318)0.488*** (0.000)0.101 (0.578)0.025 (0.566)0.493*** (0.000)0.085 (0.665)
COV−0.018 (0.519)−0.175 (0.184)−0.474* (0.085)−0.031 (0.315)−0.175 (0.264)−0.303* (0.047)
IndustryYesYesYesYesYesYes
Prob > chi20.0000.0000.0090.0000.0000.000
AR (1)−1.7868 (0.174)−1.172 (0.241)0.674 (0.501)−1.827 (0.167)−1.730 (0.183)0.582 (0.560)
AR (2)−1.578 (0.157)1.052 (0.224)0.475 (0.445)−1.678 (0.1591.225 (0.255)0.492 (0.483)
Number of obs217217217326326326

Note(s):***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1 The two-step GMM technique uses robust standard errors to control for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation

Source(s): The data was processed by the STATA application, and the table were created by the author

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal