Table 2. Descriptive characteristics,...

Table 2.

Descriptive characteristics, Cronbach’s alpha and factor loadings of items

Code	Variables	Cronbach’s alpha	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	Factor loading
EB	Entrepreneurial behaviour Gieure et al. (2020)	0.837	3.3193	0.64638	−0.287	0.605
EB1	I have experience in starting new projects or business	0.799	3.2845	0.78094	−0.116	0.293	0.733
EB2	I am capable of developing a business plan	0.794	3.2116	0.87193	−0.070	−0.193	0.745
EB3	I know how to start a new business	0.835	3.5456	0.82035	−0.530	0.373	0.586
EB4	I know how to do market research	0.785	3.4205	0.83801	−0.333	0.014	0.775
EB6	I can save money to invest in a business	0.805	3.1345	0.83971	−0.068	0.060	0.733
EI	Entrepreneurial intention Liñán and Chen (2009)	0.908	3.4427	0.87490	−0.295	−0.185
EI1	I am ready to do anything to be an entrepreneur	0.883	3.4521	1.00750	−0.267	−0.413	0.812
EI2	My professional goal is to become an entrepreneur	0.882	3.6076	1.01984	−0.460	−0.320	0.850
EI3	I will make every effort to start and run my own firm	0.879	3.4256	1.05618	−0.232	−0.488	0.877
EI5	I have a very seriously through of starting a firm	0.871	3.3769	1.02571	−0.137	−0.453	0.914
EI6	I have the firm intention to start a firm some day	0.921	3.3515	1.00427	−0.171	−0.432	0.631
ATB	Attitude towards entrepreneurship Liñán and Chen (2009)	0.833	3.5474	0.74999	−0.345	0.267
ATB1	Being an entrepreneur implies more advantages than disadvantages to me	0.786	3.3893	0.90914	−0.173	−0.130	0.746
ATB2	A career as an entrepreneur is attractive for me	0.825	3.9770	0.88647	−0.815	0.584	0.668
ATB3	If I had the opportunity and resources, I would like to start a firm	0.767	3.5027	0.92221	−0.220	−0.108	0.774
ATB5	Among various options, I would rather be an entrepreneur	0.773	3.3207	0.95738	−0.101	−0.285	0.800
SN	Subjective norms (Liñán and Chen (2009; Kolvereid (1996)	0.846	3.7340	0.76340	−0.483	0.642
SN1	If I decided to create a firm, my closest family would approve of that decision	0.825	3.7214	0.92901	−0.544	0.100	0.750
SN2	If I decided to create a firm, my closest friends would approve of that decision	0.754	3.7689	0.83583	−0.599	0.592	0.853
SN3	If I decided to create a firm, people who are important to me would approve of that decision	0.782	3.7116	0.85078	−0.458	0.231	0.821
PBC	Perceived behavioural control Liñán and Chen (2009)	0.825	2.6426	0.66260	0.272	0.259
PBC1	To start a firm and keep it working would be easy for me	0.805	2.4704	0.84356	0.427	0.239	0.614
PBC2	I am prepared to start a viable firm	0.776	2.3956	0.87760	0.582	0.249	0.763
PBC3	I can control the creation process of a new firm	0.771	2.6442	0.88438	0.230	−0.319	0.769
PBC4	I know the necessary practical details to start a firm	0.790	2.6590	0.92793	0.260	−0.353	0.687
PBC5	I know how to develop an entrepreneurial project	0.795	2.5542	0.96083	0.430	−0.222	0.648
PBC6	If I tried to start a firm, I would have a high probability of succeeding	0.827	3.1321	0.95925	−0.091	−0.329	0.508
EE	Entrepreneurship education Walter and Block (2016); Adekiya and Ibrahim (2016)	0.808	3.3366	0.67348	−0.289	0.757
EE1	My school education helped me develop my sense of initiative - a sort of entrepreneurial attitude	0.769	3.4224	0.96772	−0.338	−0.267	0.659
EE2	My school education helped me to better understand the role of entrepreneurs in society	0.773	3.2868	0.95817	−0.245	−0.314	0.630
EE3	My school education made me interested to become an entrepreneur	0.771	3.1520	0.85264	−0.039	0.242	0.699
EE4	My school education gave me skills and know-how that enable me to run a business	0.758	3.2931	0.85375	−0.284	0.108	0.737
EE5	My school education has equipped me with the necessary abilities and expertise to start my own business	0.781	3.5288	0.83803	−0.447	0.297	0.662

Code	Variables	Cronbach’s alpha	Mean	SD	Skewness	Kurtosis	Factor loading
EB	Entrepreneurial behaviour Gieure et al. (2020)	0.837	3.3193	0.64638	−0.287	0.605
EB1	I have experience in starting new projects or business	0.799	3.2845	0.78094	−0.116	0.293	0.733
EB2	I am capable of developing a business plan	0.794	3.2116	0.87193	−0.070	−0.193	0.745
EB3	I know how to start a new business	0.835	3.5456	0.82035	−0.530	0.373	0.586
EB4	I know how to do market research	0.785	3.4205	0.83801	−0.333	0.014	0.775
EB6	I can save money to invest in a business	0.805	3.1345	0.83971	−0.068	0.060	0.733
EI	Entrepreneurial intention Liñán and Chen (2009)	0.908	3.4427	0.87490	−0.295	−0.185
EI1	I am ready to do anything to be an entrepreneur	0.883	3.4521	1.00750	−0.267	−0.413	0.812
EI2	My professional goal is to become an entrepreneur	0.882	3.6076	1.01984	−0.460	−0.320	0.850
EI3	I will make every effort to start and run my own firm	0.879	3.4256	1.05618	−0.232	−0.488	0.877
EI5	I have a very seriously through of starting a firm	0.871	3.3769	1.02571	−0.137	−0.453	0.914
EI6	I have the firm intention to start a firm some day	0.921	3.3515	1.00427	−0.171	−0.432	0.631
ATB	Attitude towards entrepreneurship Liñán and Chen (2009)	0.833	3.5474	0.74999	−0.345	0.267
ATB1	Being an entrepreneur implies more advantages than disadvantages to me	0.786	3.3893	0.90914	−0.173	−0.130	0.746
ATB2	A career as an entrepreneur is attractive for me	0.825	3.9770	0.88647	−0.815	0.584	0.668
ATB3	If I had the opportunity and resources, I would like to start a firm	0.767	3.5027	0.92221	−0.220	−0.108	0.774
ATB5	Among various options, I would rather be an entrepreneur	0.773	3.3207	0.95738	−0.101	−0.285	0.800
SN	Subjective norms (Liñán and Chen (2009; Kolvereid (1996)	0.846	3.7340	0.76340	−0.483	0.642
SN1	If I decided to create a firm, my closest family would approve of that decision	0.825	3.7214	0.92901	−0.544	0.100	0.750
SN2	If I decided to create a firm, my closest friends would approve of that decision	0.754	3.7689	0.83583	−0.599	0.592	0.853
SN3	If I decided to create a firm, people who are important to me would approve of that decision	0.782	3.7116	0.85078	−0.458	0.231	0.821
PBC	Perceived behavioural control Liñán and Chen (2009)	0.825	2.6426	0.66260	0.272	0.259
PBC1	To start a firm and keep it working would be easy for me	0.805	2.4704	0.84356	0.427	0.239	0.614
PBC2	I am prepared to start a viable firm	0.776	2.3956	0.87760	0.582	0.249	0.763
PBC3	I can control the creation process of a new firm	0.771	2.6442	0.88438	0.230	−0.319	0.769
PBC4	I know the necessary practical details to start a firm	0.790	2.6590	0.92793	0.260	−0.353	0.687
PBC5	I know how to develop an entrepreneurial project	0.795	2.5542	0.96083	0.430	−0.222	0.648
PBC6	If I tried to start a firm, I would have a high probability of succeeding	0.827	3.1321	0.95925	−0.091	−0.329	0.508
EE	Entrepreneurship education Walter and Block (2016); Adekiya and Ibrahim (2016)	0.808	3.3366	0.67348	−0.289	0.757
EE1	My school education helped me develop my sense of initiative - a sort of entrepreneurial attitude	0.769	3.4224	0.96772	−0.338	−0.267	0.659
EE2	My school education helped me to better understand the role of entrepreneurs in society	0.773	3.2868	0.95817	−0.245	−0.314	0.630
EE3	My school education made me interested to become an entrepreneur	0.771	3.1520	0.85264	−0.039	0.242	0.699
EE4	My school education gave me skills and know-how that enable me to run a business	0.758	3.2931	0.85375	−0.284	0.108	0.737
EE5	My school education has equipped me with the necessary abilities and expertise to start my own business	0.781	3.5288	0.83803	−0.447	0.297	0.662

Note:

n = 2,566

Source: Authors’ elaborations based on the research data

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