Table 5

Summary of associations between gender and adverse childhood experiences (items A1–A10) below

No.Item in ACE questionnaireTests conducted (gender vs ACE items)Support for alternative hypothesis
Chi-squared (p < 0.05)Fischer’s exact test (p < 0.05)Bayes factor (1/BF) > 1.0Odds ratio of F:M F:M > 1.10
A1Abuse (swearing, humiliation)Yes (0.005)Yes (0.009)Yes (6.17)Yes 1.96Yes. All 4 F > M
A2Abuse (physical)No (0.159)No (0.172)No (0.36)Yes (1.45)No OR only F > M
A3Abuse (sexual)Yes (0.001)Yes (0.002)Yes (12.82)Yes (3.28)Yes F > M
A4Neglect (emotional)No (0.149)No (0.177)No (0.42)Yes (1.41)No OR only F > M
A5Neglect (physical)No (0.06)No (0.097)No (0.43)Yes (2.25)No OR only F > M
A6Dysfunction (divorce)No (0.593)No (0.667)No (0.19)Yes (1.12)No OR only M > F
A7Dysfunction (battered wife)No (0.727)No (0.714)No (0.12)Yes (1.12)No OR only F > M
A8Dysfunction (substance abuse)Yes (0.018)Yes (0.025)Yes (1.92)Yes (1.86)Yes F > M
A9Dysfunction (mental illness)No (0.142)No (0.178)No (0.32)Yes (1.59)No OR only F > M
A10Dysfunction (imprisonment)Yes (0.038)Yes (0.051)No (0.98)Yes (1.80)Yes F > M
Source: Table by author

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