Table A1.
Survey items
ItemsAnchors
1Diagnostic control systemsLikert scale 1–7: 1 = very low extent / 7 = very high extent
 To what extent does the top management team use budgets and performance measures for the following 
1.1Identify critical performance variables (i.e., factors that indicate achievement of current strategy) 
1.2Set targets for critical performance variables 
1.3Monitor progress toward critical performance targets 
1.4Provide information to correct deviations from present performance targets 
1.5Review key areas of performance 
2Interactive control systemsLikert scale 1–7: 1 = very low extent / 7 = very high extent
 To what extent does the top management team use budgets and performance measures for the following 
2.1Provide a recurring and frequent agenda for top management activities 
2.2Provide a recurring and frequent agenda for subordinate activities 
2.3Enable continual challenge and debate of underlying data, assumptions and action plans with subordinates and peers 
2.4Focus attention on strategic uncertainties (i.e., factors that may invalidate current strategy or provide opportunities for new strategic initiatives) 
2.5encourage and facilitate dialog and information sharing with subordinates 
3Beliefs control systemsLikert scale 1–7: 1 = very low extent / 7 = very high extent
 To what extent.. . 
3.1Are the values, purpose and direction of the company codified in formal documents? (e.g., mission/value statements, credos, statements of purpose?) 
3.2Does top management actively communicate core values to subordinates? 
3.3Are formal statements of values used to create commitment to the long-term vision of top management? 
3.4Are formal statements of values used to motivate and guide subordinates in searching for new opportunities? 
4Boundary control systemsLikert scale 1–7: 1 = very low extent / 7 = very high extent
 To what extent.. . 
4.1Are codes of conduct or similar statements relied upon to define appropriate behaviour? 
4.2Are there policies or guidelines that stipulate specific areas for, or limits on, opportunity search and experimentation? 
4.3Does top management actively communicate risks and activities to be avoided by subordinates? 
4.4Are sanctions or punishments applied to subordinates who engage in risks and activities outside organizational policy, irrespective of the outcome? 
5Organizational StructureLikert scale 1–7
5.1Indicate how control information is typically communicated in your company1 = through highly structured, formal channels of communication; 7 = through very open, informal channels of communication
5.2Indicate the accessibility of operational information in your company1 = highly restrictive access to important operational information; 7 = free flow of important operational information throughout the SBU
5.3Indicate the content of work-related communication between top management and subordinates1 = top management decisions and mandates, instructional, direction giving; 7 = information and idea sharing, consultative, advice giving
5.4In general, the operating management philosophy in my company favors1 = emphasis on giving the most say in decision making to formal line managers; 7 = emphasis on giving the most say to the expert in a given situation even if this means bypassing formal line authority
5.5In general, the operating management philosophy in my company favors1 = emphasis on specialization and top-level coordination; 7 = emphasis on initiative and adaptation to the local situation
6Job clarityLikert scale 1–7: 1=strongly disagree and 7=strongly agree
6.1Management makes its expectations clear 
6.2Management has a clear view of where the organization is going and how to get there 
6.3I am given the resources and equipment to do my job 
7Group cultureLikert scale 1–7: 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree
7.1A team environment describes my work environment 
7.2Loyalty is important in my work environment 
7.3Morale is important in my work environment 
8Leader-Member relationship qualityLikert scale 1–7: 1 “not at all descriptive of our relationship on average” and 7 “very descriptive of our relationship on average”
 Please scale your relationship to your supervisor 
8.1Cordial 
8.2Friendly 
8.3Open 
8.4Trusting 
8.5Close 
9Psychological safetyLikert scale 1–7: 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree
9.1I’m not afraid to be myself at work 
9.2I am not afraid to express my opinions at work 
9.3There is a friendly environment at work 
10Identity fitLikert scale 1–7: 1 = strongly disagree and 7 = strongly agree
10.1My job “fits” how I see myself 
10.2I like the identity my job gives me 
10.3The work I do on this job helps me satisfy who I am 
10.4My job “fits” how I see myself in the future 
Source: Authors’ own compilation based on sources cited in chapter 3.2

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