Table 1

Overview of product smartness conceptualizations

Smartness characteristic/dimension
Source1234567
Rijsdijk et al. (2007) AutonomyAbility to learnReactivityAbility to cooperateHumanlike interactionPersonality
Rijsdijk and Hultink (2009) AutonomyAbility to learnReactivityAbility to cooperateHumanlike interaction*Personality*Multifunctionality
Park and Lee (2014) AutonomyAbility to learnReactivityAbility to cooperateHumanlike interactionMultifunctionality
Kaldewei and Stummer (2018) AutonomyAbility to learnReactivityAbility to cooperateHumanlike interactionMultifunctionality
Lee and Shin (2018) AutonomyAdaptabilityReactivityAbility to cooperateMultifunctionality
Li et al. (2023) Intelligence attributeConnection attribute
Rhiu and Yun (2018) AutonomyAdaptabilityConnectivityPersonalizationMultifunctionality
Henkens et al. (2021) ActuationDynamismAwarenessConnectivity
This studyActuationDynamismAwarenessConnectivityHumanlike interaction

Note(s): *Smartness characteristic/dimension not empirically investigated in the study

Source(s): Table created by the authors

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