Table 3 Overview of studies empirically...

Table 3

Overview of studies empirically researching drivers and barriers of smart product (non-)adoption

Source	Research object	Dependent variable	Findings
Schweitzer and Van den Hende (2016)	Smart household objects	Adoption intention	Autonomous smart products are perceived as more disempowering than semi-autonomous smart products; adoption likelihood is negatively affected
Mani and Chouk (2017)	Smartwatch	Resistance	The results show that uselessness, price, intrusiveness, novelty, and self-efficacy have an impact on consumer resistance to smart products. In addition, privacy concerns affect intrusiveness and dependency affects privacy concerns
Kowalczuk (2018)	Smart speaker	Behavioral intention	Besides ease of use and usefulness, the quality and diversity of a system, its enjoyment, consumer's technology optimism, and risk strongly affect the acceptance of smart speakers, with enjoyment having the strongest effect
Hubert et al. (2019)	Smart home	Behavioral intention	The study highlights that compatibility and usefulness as the foremost determinants of use intention, with usefulness also mediating the effect of risk perception
Bölen (2020)	Smartwatch	Continuance intention	Bölen finds a significant positive effect of usefulness on attitude toward sports wearables and attitude of usage intention
Kim and Moon (2023)	Smart washing machine	Acceptance intention	While for full-time housewives especially usefulness significantly influences acceptance for employed females it is both usefulness and enjoyment
Li et al. (2023)	Smartphones, smartwatches	Adoption intention	Smart products can improve consumers' perceptions of the four motivations of meaning, capability, autonomy, and influence, which activate consumers' psychological empowerment and thus improve consumers' adoption intention
Lucia-Palacios and Perez-Lopez (2023)	Smart home voice assistant	Repurchase intention	Usefulness, coolness and interactivity show positive mediating effects between autonomy and experience, while intrusiveness has a negative mediating effect. The better the consumer's experience, the greater the repurchase intention

Source	Research object	Dependent variable	Findings
Schweitzer and Van den Hende (2016)	Smart household objects	Adoption intention	Autonomous smart products are perceived as more disempowering than semi-autonomous smart products; adoption likelihood is negatively affected
Mani and Chouk (2017)	Smartwatch	Resistance	The results show that uselessness, price, intrusiveness, novelty, and self-efficacy have an impact on consumer resistance to smart products. In addition, privacy concerns affect intrusiveness and dependency affects privacy concerns
Kowalczuk (2018)	Smart speaker	Behavioral intention	Besides ease of use and usefulness, the quality and diversity of a system, its enjoyment, consumer's technology optimism, and risk strongly affect the acceptance of smart speakers, with enjoyment having the strongest effect
Hubert et al. (2019)	Smart home	Behavioral intention	The study highlights that compatibility and usefulness as the foremost determinants of use intention, with usefulness also mediating the effect of risk perception
Bölen (2020)	Smartwatch	Continuance intention	Bölen finds a significant positive effect of usefulness on attitude toward sports wearables and attitude of usage intention
Kim and Moon (2023)	Smart washing machine	Acceptance intention	While for full-time housewives especially usefulness significantly influences acceptance for employed females it is both usefulness and enjoyment
Li et al. (2023)	Smartphones, smartwatches	Adoption intention	Smart products can improve consumers' perceptions of the four motivations of meaning, capability, autonomy, and influence, which activate consumers' psychological empowerment and thus improve consumers' adoption intention
Lucia-Palacios and Perez-Lopez (2023)	Smart home voice assistant	Repurchase intention	Usefulness, coolness and interactivity show positive mediating effects between autonomy and experience, while intrusiveness has a negative mediating effect. The better the consumer's experience, the greater the repurchase intention

Note(s): Selected studies. The studies were chosen because of their relevance to the research objective

Source(s): Table created by the authors

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