Table 5. Summary of the effect size...

Table 5.

Summary of the effect size results

Authors	No. of ES	Mean ES	95% Confidence interval
Abogazia et al. (2022)	14	0.306	0.259	0.353
Adegboyegun et al. (2020)	2	0.010	−0.134	0.154
Affan (2019)	1	0.277	0.013	0.541
Agarwal (2020)	7	0.041	0.023	0.059
Anifowose et al. (2020)	18	0.050	0.046	0.054
Arguelles et al. (2015)	30	0.032	0.018	0.047
Barth et al. (2017)	51	0.005	−0.012	0.023
Barth et al. (2022)	24	−0.078	−0.095	−0.061
Buallay et al. (2021)	6	−0.061	−0.128	0.005
Caglio et al. (2020)	65	−0.014	−0.026	−0.002
Chanatup et al. (2020)	2	0.010	−0.080	0.100
Chouaibi et al. (2022)	6	−0.142	−0.191	−0.093
Ciubotariu et al. (2021)	12	0.440	0.353	0.527
Cooray et al. (2020)	2	−0.057	−0.187	0.073
Dey (2020)	6	0.008	−0.060	0.075
Donkor et al. (2022)	38	−0.124	−0.139	−0.109
Eugster and Wagner (2020)	131	0.053	0.048	0.057
Fernando et al. (2017)	1	−0.014	−0.156	0.127
Hamad et al. (2022)	3	0.447	0.385	0.510
Hoang et al. (2020)	12	−0.079	−0.104	−0.054
Kim et al. (2017)	5	−0.066	−0.158	0.026
Kosovic and Patel (2013)	2	0.144	0.027	0.262
Lee and Yeo (2016)	9	0.086	0.063	0.108
Leukhardt et al. (2022)	1	−0.031	−0.170	0.108
Loprevite et al. (2018)	2	0.081	0.041	0.122
Maama and Marimuthu (2022)	7	−0.050	−0.070	−0.030
Martinez (2016a)	1	−0.135	−0.277	0.008
Martinez (2016b)	6	0.101	0.043	0.159
Matemane and Wentzel (2019)	5	0.157	0.002	0.312
Obeng et al. (2021)	23	−0.028	−0.033	−0.023
Omran et al. (2021)	10	0.243	0.211	0.276
Pavlopoulos et al. (2017)	8	−0.695	−0.731	−0.659
Pavlopoulos et al. (2019)	12	0.101	0.068	0.134
Raimo et al. (2022)	1	−0.154	−0.253	−0.056
Senani et al. (2022)	4	−0.150	−0.236	−0.064
Serafeim (2015)	18	0.040	0.032	0.048
Soriya and Rastogi (2022)	4	0.014	−0.089	0.117
Soumillion (2018)	3	0.024	−0.086	0.134
Sriani and Agustia (2020)	14	0.000	−0.063	0.063
Sun et al. (2022)	5	0.112	0.084	0.140
Vitolla et al. (2020)	1	−0.193	−0.377	−0.008
Wen et al. (2017)	16	−0.101	−0.138	−0.065
Wu and Zhou (2022)	40	−0.020	−0.023	−0.017
Zhou et al. (2017)	15	−0.071	−0.100	−0.042
Zúñiga et al. (2020)	10	−0.280	−0.317	−0.243
Overall	653	0.006	0.004	0.008

Authors	No. of ES	Mean ES	95% Confidence interval
Abogazia et al. (2022)	14	0.306	0.259	0.353
Adegboyegun et al. (2020)	2	0.010	−0.134	0.154
Affan (2019)	1	0.277	0.013	0.541
Agarwal (2020)	7	0.041	0.023	0.059
Anifowose et al. (2020)	18	0.050	0.046	0.054
Arguelles et al. (2015)	30	0.032	0.018	0.047
Barth et al. (2017)	51	0.005	−0.012	0.023
Barth et al. (2022)	24	−0.078	−0.095	−0.061
Buallay et al. (2021)	6	−0.061	−0.128	0.005
Caglio et al. (2020)	65	−0.014	−0.026	−0.002
Chanatup et al. (2020)	2	0.010	−0.080	0.100
Chouaibi et al. (2022)	6	−0.142	−0.191	−0.093
Ciubotariu et al. (2021)	12	0.440	0.353	0.527
Cooray et al. (2020)	2	−0.057	−0.187	0.073
Dey (2020)	6	0.008	−0.060	0.075
Donkor et al. (2022)	38	−0.124	−0.139	−0.109
Eugster and Wagner (2020)	131	0.053	0.048	0.057
Fernando et al. (2017)	1	−0.014	−0.156	0.127
Hamad et al. (2022)	3	0.447	0.385	0.510
Hoang et al. (2020)	12	−0.079	−0.104	−0.054
Kim et al. (2017)	5	−0.066	−0.158	0.026
Kosovic and Patel (2013)	2	0.144	0.027	0.262
Lee and Yeo (2016)	9	0.086	0.063	0.108
Leukhardt et al. (2022)	1	−0.031	−0.170	0.108
Loprevite et al. (2018)	2	0.081	0.041	0.122
Maama and Marimuthu (2022)	7	−0.050	−0.070	−0.030
Martinez (2016a)	1	−0.135	−0.277	0.008
Martinez (2016b)	6	0.101	0.043	0.159
Matemane and Wentzel (2019)	5	0.157	0.002	0.312
Obeng et al. (2021)	23	−0.028	−0.033	−0.023
Omran et al. (2021)	10	0.243	0.211	0.276
Pavlopoulos et al. (2017)	8	−0.695	−0.731	−0.659
Pavlopoulos et al. (2019)	12	0.101	0.068	0.134
Raimo et al. (2022)	1	−0.154	−0.253	−0.056
Senani et al. (2022)	4	−0.150	−0.236	−0.064
Serafeim (2015)	18	0.040	0.032	0.048
Soriya and Rastogi (2022)	4	0.014	−0.089	0.117
Soumillion (2018)	3	0.024	−0.086	0.134
Sriani and Agustia (2020)	14	0.000	−0.063	0.063
Sun et al. (2022)	5	0.112	0.084	0.140
Vitolla et al. (2020)	1	−0.193	−0.377	−0.008
Wen et al. (2017)	16	−0.101	−0.138	−0.065
Wu and Zhou (2022)	40	−0.020	−0.023	−0.017
Zhou et al. (2017)	15	−0.071	−0.100	−0.042
Zúñiga et al. (2020)	10	−0.280	−0.317	−0.243
Overall	653	0.006	0.004	0.008

Source: Table by authors

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