Table 5. Descriptive statistics Measure...

Table 5.

Descriptive statistics

Measure	Period	Mean	Median	SD	Min	Max
Flesch Reading Ease	2005–2008	24.88	24.00	7.09	7	50
	2009–2012	24.76	24.00	7.86	0	58
	2013–2017	23.11	22.50	7.13	0	51
	2018–2021	22.21	22.00	6.10	0	44
Gunning Fog	2005–2008	15.75	15.90	1.93	11	19
	2009–2012	15.47	15.70	1.67	12	19
	2013–2017	15.52	15.50	1.52	11	19
	2018–2021	15.77	15.70	1.50	12	19
Total words	2005–2008	4,913.43	3,134.00	6,145.43	234	49,420
	2009–2012	5,955.64	4,385.00	6,563.91	63	54,222
	2013–2017	6,635.42	4,841.00	7,230.02	78	75,455
	2018–2021	7,421.99	5,859.00	5,783.05	283	40,027
% of complex words	2005–2008	24.2%	2.4%	2.4%	15.0%	35.0%
	2009–2012	23.8%	23.9%	2.1%	18.2%	34.5%
	2013–2017	24.1%	24.2%	1.7%	19.4%	35.0%
	2018–2021	24.2%	24.3%	1.8%	18.0%	29.7%
% of long words	2005–2008	39.1%	39.1%	3.1%	25.9%	45.0%
	2009–2012	38.7%	38.9%	2.6%	31.1%	54.1%
	2013–2017	39.1%	39.1%	2.4%	31.9%	55.1%
	2018–2021	39.1%	39.2%	2.4%	30.5%	46.1%
% of Fog hard words	2005–2008	19.8%	19.8%	2.5%	11.1%	27.4%
	2009–2012	19.5%	19.5%	2.2%	12.1%	30.2%
	2013–2017	19.7%	19.7%	1.8%	11.5%	27.3%
	2018–2021	19.4%	19.4%	1.9%	13.6%	25.1%
Overly long sentences	2005–2008	79.35	54.00	104.59	1	851
	2009–2012	95.08	73.00	107.93	1	893
	2013–2017	104.66	81.00	110.14	1	1160
	2018–2021	120.30	97.00	88.45	4	561
Passive voice	2005–2008	78.29	59.00	83.18	4	719
	2009–2012	90.00	71.00	87.80	5	701
	2013–2017	98.11	77.00	91.15	1	887
	2018–2021	101.88	83.00	73.68	2	512
Wordy items	2005–2008	306.55	212.00	400.27	14	3336
	2009–2012	372.07	273.00	416.84	3	3433
	2013–2017	415.45	311.00	439.24	4	4361
	2018–2021	454.00	354.00	354.95	16	2131

Measure	Period	Mean	Median	SD	Min	Max
Flesch Reading Ease	2005–2008	24.88	24.00	7.09	7	50
	2009–2012	24.76	24.00	7.86	0	58
	2013–2017	23.11	22.50	7.13	0	51
	2018–2021	22.21	22.00	6.10	0	44
Gunning Fog	2005–2008	15.75	15.90	1.93	11	19
	2009–2012	15.47	15.70	1.67	12	19
	2013–2017	15.52	15.50	1.52	11	19
	2018–2021	15.77	15.70	1.50	12	19
Total words	2005–2008	4,913.43	3,134.00	6,145.43	234	49,420
	2009–2012	5,955.64	4,385.00	6,563.91	63	54,222
	2013–2017	6,635.42	4,841.00	7,230.02	78	75,455
	2018–2021	7,421.99	5,859.00	5,783.05	283	40,027
% of complex words	2005–2008	24.2%	2.4%	2.4%	15.0%	35.0%
	2009–2012	23.8%	23.9%	2.1%	18.2%	34.5%
	2013–2017	24.1%	24.2%	1.7%	19.4%	35.0%
	2018–2021	24.2%	24.3%	1.8%	18.0%	29.7%
% of long words	2005–2008	39.1%	39.1%	3.1%	25.9%	45.0%
	2009–2012	38.7%	38.9%	2.6%	31.1%	54.1%
	2013–2017	39.1%	39.1%	2.4%	31.9%	55.1%
	2018–2021	39.1%	39.2%	2.4%	30.5%	46.1%
% of Fog hard words	2005–2008	19.8%	19.8%	2.5%	11.1%	27.4%
	2009–2012	19.5%	19.5%	2.2%	12.1%	30.2%
	2013–2017	19.7%	19.7%	1.8%	11.5%	27.3%
	2018–2021	19.4%	19.4%	1.9%	13.6%	25.1%
Overly long sentences	2005–2008	79.35	54.00	104.59	1	851
	2009–2012	95.08	73.00	107.93	1	893
	2013–2017	104.66	81.00	110.14	1	1160
	2018–2021	120.30	97.00	88.45	4	561
Passive voice	2005–2008	78.29	59.00	83.18	4	719
	2009–2012	90.00	71.00	87.80	5	701
	2013–2017	98.11	77.00	91.15	1	887
	2018–2021	101.88	83.00	73.68	2	512
Wordy items	2005–2008	306.55	212.00	400.27	14	3336
	2009–2012	372.07	273.00	416.84	3	3433
	2013–2017	415.45	311.00	439.24	4	4361
	2018–2021	454.00	354.00	354.95	16	2131

Notes:

n_{(2005–2008)} = 189; n_{(2009–2012)} = 355; n_{(2013–2017)} = 518; and n_{(2018–2021)} = 480

Source: Created by the authors

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