Table 1 Main features common to DRC and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Main features common to DRC and CAR crises with examples

Aspect	Eastern DRC	CAR	Sources and resources
Main conflict causes	– Internal power struggles – Ethnic rivalries – Political instability – Fragility of state institutions – Natural resources – Power struggles – Territorial control – External influences – Economic interests	– Internal power struggles – Ethnic rivalries – Political instability – Fragility of state institutions – Natural resources – Power struggles – Territorial control – External influences – Economic interests	Mlambo and Dlamini (2019)
Long-duration conflict	– Congo Crisis (1960–1965) – First Congo War (1996–1997) – Second Congo War (1998–2003), from whom erupted recent conflict	– Political instability and coups d'état since independence in 1960 – Civil War since 2004 – Séléka Rebellion (2012–2014) from whom erupted recent conflict	Mlambo and Dlamini (2019)
Powerful presence of NSAGs	– Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) – Mouvement du 23 mars (M23) – Forces démocratiques pour la libération du Rwanda (FDLR) – Forces de résistance patriotique de l'Ituri (FRPI) – Various Mai-Mai militias	– Séléka – Union des Forces Républicaines (UFR) – Mouvement des Libérateurs Centrafricains pour la Justice (MLCJ) – Front Démocratique du Peuple Centrafricain (FDPC) – Anti-Balaka – Union pour la paix en Centrafrique (UPC)	Schouten (2019)
High rate of food insecurity	25.8 million people	2.4 million people	World Food Programme (WFP) Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) for April to August 2023
High rate of acute malnutrition	2.8 million children	1 million children
High number of refugees	853,000	762,700	UNHCR's Global Report for 2022
High number of IDPs	5.4 million	515,700	UNHCR's Global Report for 2022
Large-scale humanitarian interventions	118 INGOs	Over 50 INGOs	– Forum ONGI (DRC) – Comité de Coordination des ONGI (CAR)
Recurring challenges of accessibility	89 incidents	69 incidents	UNOCHA's Report on Humanitarian Access and CMCoord in April 2022 (Regarding the first half of 2022)
High rate of attacks on aid personnel	– 4 deaths – 10 abductions – 3 injuries	– 1 death – 18 injuries
UN mission	– MONUSCO (UN Stabilization Mission) since July 2010	– MINUSCA (United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission) since September 2014	UN website (June 2023)
Strong presence of UN forces	16,316 blue helmets	17,885 blue helmets	UN website (June 2023)

Aspect	Eastern DRC	CAR	Sources and resources
Main conflict causes	– Internal power struggles– Ethnic rivalries– Political instability– Fragility of state institutions– Natural resources– Power struggles– Territorial control– External influences– Economic interests	– Internal power struggles– Ethnic rivalries– Political instability– Fragility of state institutions– Natural resources– Power struggles– Territorial control– External influences– Economic interests	Mlambo and Dlamini (2019)
Long-duration conflict	– Congo Crisis (1960–1965)– First Congo War (1996–1997)– Second Congo War (1998–2003), fromwhom erupted recent conflict	– Political instability and coups d'étatsince independence in 1960– Civil War since 2004– Séléka Rebellion (2012–2014) fromwhom erupted recent conflict	Mlambo and Dlamini (2019)
Powerful presence of NSAGs	– Allied Democratic Forces (ADF)– Mouvement du 23 mars (M23)– Forces démocratiques pour la libérationdu Rwanda (FDLR)– Forces de résistance patriotique del'Ituri (FRPI)– Various Mai-Mai militias	– Séléka– Union des Forces Républicaines (UFR)– Mouvement des LibérateursCentrafricains pour la Justice (MLCJ)– Front Démocratique du PeupleCentrafricain (FDPC)– Anti-Balaka– Union pour la paix en Centrafrique(UPC)	Schouten (2019)
High rate of food insecurity	25.8 million people	2.4 million people	World Food Programme (WFP)Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) for April to August 2023
High rate of acute malnutrition	2.8 million children	1 million children
High number of refugees	853,000	762,700	UNHCR's Global Report for 2022
High number of IDPs	5.4 million	515,700	UNHCR's Global Report for 2022
Large-scale humanitarian interventions	118 INGOs	Over 50 INGOs	– Forum ONGI (DRC)– Comité de Coordinationdes ONGI (CAR)
Recurring challenges of accessibility	89 incidents	69 incidents	UNOCHA's Report on Humanitarian Access and CMCoord in April 2022 (Regarding the first half of 2022)
High rate of attacks on aid personnel	– 4 deaths– 10 abductions– 3 injuries	– 1 death– 18 injuries
UN mission	– MONUSCO (UN Stabilization Mission)since July 2010	– MINUSCA (United NationsMultidimensional IntegratedStabilization Mission) since September2014	UN website (June 2023)
Strong presence of UN forces	16,316 blue helmets	17,885 blue helmets	UN website (June 2023)

Note:

IDPs = Internally displaced people

Source: Created by authors