Table 1

Variable description

DimensionsLiterature supportSymbolVariable definition
Foreign direct investment, inwardDependent variableFDIINet inflows
EnvironmentalShahbaz et al. (2018), Shao (2018), Demena and Afesorgbor (2020) CO2Adjusted savings: carbon dioxide damage
 PEDAdjusted savings: particulate emission damage
TradeCassou (1997), Mitze et al. (2010), Varamini and Kalash (2010) EGSExports of goods and services
 IGSImports of goods and services
 EBGSExternal balance on goods and services
 TaxTaxes less subsidies on products
Economic growthAlmfraji and Almsafir (2014) GDPGross domestic product
Financial accumulationFaeth (2006), Kalotay (2010), Adhikary (2011) GFCFGross fixed capital formation
 GNEGross national expenditure
 CFCConsumption of fixed capital
 FCEFinal consumption expenditure
 GCFGross capital formation
Gross value addedDomesová (2011), Alvarado et al. (2017), Adarov and Stehrer (2019) GVAMManufacturing, value added
 AGVAAgriculture, forestry and fishing, value-added
 GVABPGross value added (GVA) at basic prices
 GVACIndustry (including construction), value-added
National account financial stabilityAlbulescu et al. (2010), Abu and Karim (2016), Mahmood et al. (2018) TRTotal reserves (includes gold)
 GDSGross domestic savings
 CIChanges and stock of inventories held by firms

Note(s): All variables in current US$/million, data source: WDI

Source(s): Own elaboration

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