Critical appraisal of studies
| Author(s) | Study design | 4.1 Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the research question? | 4.2 Is the sample representative of the target population? | 4.3 Are the measurements appropriate? | 4.4 Is the risk of non-response bias low? | 4.5 Is the statistical analysis appropriate to answer the research question? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hopkins et al. (2020) | Quantitative descriptive | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Hobson et al. (2022) | Quantitative descriptive | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Cogan et al. (2021) | Quantitative descriptive | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Gilbert and Sinclair (2019) | Quantitative descriptive | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Author(s) | Study design | 1.1 Is the qualitative approach appropriate to answer the research question? | 1.2 Are the qualitative data collection methods adequate to address the research question? | 1.3 Are the findings adequately derived from the data? | 1.4 Is the interpretation of results sufficiently substantiated by data? | 1.5 Is there coherence between qualitative data sources, collection, analysis and interpretation? |
| Tribe et al. (2018) | Qualitative | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Author(s) | Study design | 5.1 Is there an adequate rationale for using a mixed methods design to address the research question? | 5.2 Are the different components of the study effectively integrated to answer the research question? | 5.3 Are the outputs of the integration of qualitative and quantitative components adequately interpreted? | 5.4 Are divergences and inconsistencies between quantitative and qualitative results adequately addressed? | 5.5 Do the different components of the study adhere to the quality criteria of each tradition of the methods involved? |
| Kinsella (2011) | Mixed methods | Cannot tell | Cannot tell | No | Cannot tell | No |
| Gavine (2014) | Mixed methods | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Author(s) | Study design | 3.1 Are the participants representative of the target population? | 3.2 Are measurements appropriate regarding both the outcome and intervention (or exposure)? | 3.3 Are there complete outcome data? | 3.4 Are the confounders accounted for in the design and analysis? | 3.5 During the study period, is the intervention administered (or exposure occurred) as intended? |
| Crawford and Burns (2016) | Quantitative nonrandomised | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | No |
| England and Jackson (2013) | Quantitative nonrandomised | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Yes |
| Bleetman et al. (1997) | Quantitative nonrandomised | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unclear |
| Palasinski et al. (2021) | Quantitative nonrandomised | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes |
| Ward et al. (2011) | Quantitative nonrandomised | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear |
| Williams et al. (2014) | Quantitative nonrandomised | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
| Author(s) | Study design | 4.1 Is the sampling strategy relevant to address the research question? | 4.2 Is the sample representative of the target population? | 4.3 Are the measurements appropriate? | 4.4 Is the risk of non-response bias low? | 4.5 Is the statistical analysis appropriate to answer the research question? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quantitative descriptive | Yes | Unclear | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Quantitative descriptive | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Quantitative descriptive | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Quantitative descriptive | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Author(s) | Study design | 1.1 Is the qualitative approach appropriate to answer the research question? | 1.2 Are the qualitative data collection methods adequate to address the research question? | 1.3 Are the findings adequately derived from the data? | 1.4 Is the interpretation of results sufficiently substantiated by data? | 1.5 Is there coherence between qualitative data sources, collection, analysis and interpretation? |
| Qualitative | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Author(s) | Study design | 5.1 Is there an adequate rationale for using a mixed methods design to address the research question? | 5.2 Are the different components of the study effectively integrated to answer the research question? | 5.3 Are the outputs of the integration of qualitative and quantitative components adequately interpreted? | 5.4 Are divergences and inconsistencies between quantitative and qualitative results adequately addressed? | 5.5 Do the different components of the study adhere to the quality criteria of each tradition of the methods involved? |
| Mixed methods | Cannot tell | Cannot tell | No | Cannot tell | No | |
| Mixed methods | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| Author(s) | Study design | 3.1 Are the participants representative of the target population? | 3.2 Are measurements appropriate regarding both the outcome and intervention (or exposure)? | 3.3 Are there complete outcome data? | 3.4 Are the confounders accounted for in the design and analysis? | 3.5 During the study period, is the intervention administered (or exposure occurred) as intended? |
| Quantitative nonrandomised | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | No | |
| Quantitative nonrandomised | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Yes | |
| Quantitative nonrandomised | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Unclear | |
| Quantitative nonrandomised | Yes | Yes | Yes | Unclear | Yes | |
| Quantitative nonrandomised | Yes | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | |
| Quantitative nonrandomised | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
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