Table 1. Summary of coding structure,...

Table 1.

Summary of coding structure, empirical constructs and theoretical connections

Research question	Initial code	Connections to established literature	Final thematic code	Connections to initial codes	No. of connections	Empirical constructs
Q1	(1) Social innovation	Canestrino et al. (2019); Esposito et al. (2012), Goldstein et al. (2010), Tung and Jordann (2017), Phillips et al. (2019), Chalmers (2013), Tsai et al. (2020), Lorne (2020), Krejčí and Šebestová (2018), Tortia et al. (2020), Pasricha and Rao (2018), Furmánska-Maruszak and Sudolska (2016), Vézina et al. (2019), Zaional et al. (2019), Katonáné Kovács et al. (2016), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Godói-de-Sousa and Valadão Júnior (2013), Moriggi (2019), Voltan and De Fuentes (2016), Kokko (2018)	Social innovation scaling	Individual needs	4	Building groups
Q1	(2) Inclusion	Goldstein et al. (2010), Phillips et al. (2019), Chalmers (2013), Lorne (2020), Krejčí and Šebestová (2018), Vézina et al. (2019), Zaional et al. (2019), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Voltan and De Fuentes (2016), Kokko (2018)		Meaning making	2	Exclusive inclusion
				Platform	4	Homogeneous membership
				Process	3	Meaning-driven commitment
				Recombination	3	Open-sourcing
				Social	2	Scaling by licensing
				Agent	2	Thresholds of inclusion
				Value	3
Q2	(3) Platform	Kullak et al. (2021), Tung and Jordann (2017), Chalmers (2013), Lorne (2020), Tortia et al. (2020), Zaional et al. (2019), Katonáné Kovács et al. (2016), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Godói-de-Sousa and Valadão Júnior (2013), Goldstein et al. (2010), Kokko (2018	Cooperative platforms	Inclusion	3	Adaptable governance
Q2	(4) Cooperation	Kokko (2018), Kullak et al. (2021), Phillips et al. (2019), Chalmers (2013), Godói-de-Sousa and Valadão Júnior (2013), Voltan and De Fuentes (2016), Katonáné Kovács et al. (2016)		Individual needs	4	Balance between standards and autonomy
				Process	4	Boundary-spanning operations
				Recombination	2	Involvement- and decision-making facilitation
				SI	2	Matchmaking platform
				Social	1	Platform maintenance cost
				Value	3	Platform replicability
						Project schematics
						Responsibilities based on flexible contracts
Q2	(5) Process	Tsai et al. (2020), Vézina et al. (2019), Zaional et al. (2019), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Godói-de-Sousa and Valadão Júnior (2013), Kokko (2018)	Value-creation process	Cooperation	2	Brand as a guarantee
Q2	(6) Value	European Commission (2017), Kokko (2018), Kullak et al. (2021), Phillips et al. (2019), Tsai et al. (2020), Zaional et al. (2019)		Inclusion	1	Facilitation of local activities
				Individual needs	1	Initial joint project harmonization
				Meaning making	1	Transparent processes
				Platform	2
				SI	1
Q3	(7) Factors related to social and communal aspects	Goldstein et al. (2010), Phillips et al. (2019), Tsai et al. (2020), Lorne (2020), Krejčí and Šebestová (2018), Tortia et al. (2020), Pasricha and Rao (2018), Furmánska-Maruszak and Sudolska (2016), Katonáné Kovács et al. (2016), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Godói-de-Sousa and Valadão Júnior (2013), Moriggi (2019)	Common needs	Cooperation	1	Building groups
Q3	(8) Individual needs	Kokko (2018), Canestrino et al. (2019), Chalmers (2013), Tsai et al. (2020), Lorne (2020), Tortia et al. (2020), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Moriggi (2019)		Inclusion	5	Change-maker mentality
				Meaning making	1	Community-building schematics
				Platform	6	Creation of common resources
				Process	1	Development of members
				Recombination	2	Distance from the operative level
				SI	2	Divided focus
				Value	4	Ecosystem complexity as detriment
						Facilitating participation flow
						Focus on cohesive symbols
						High member fluctuation
						Horizontal decision-making
						Layered membership
						Matchmaking platform
						Merit-based responsibilities
						Missing personal communities
						Need for dedicated community management
						Providing basic individual needs
						Social value feedback
Q3	(9) Meaning making	Kokko (2018), Zaional et al. (2019), Moriggi (2019), Tsai et al. (2020)	Meanings	Individual needs	1	Conflicts of mission drift
				Platform	2	Creation of common resources
				Process	1	Elaboration of shared goals
				Social	1	Focus on flagship projects
				Value	1	Individual need of fulfillment
						Transparent value flows
Q3	(10) Recombination of resources	Fekete et al. (2017), European Commission (2017), Eiselein and Dentchev, 2020), Kokko (2018), Kullak et al. (2021), Esposito et al. (2012), Phillips et al. (2019), Chalmers (2013), Tortia et al. (2020), Vézina et al. (2019), Zaional et al. (2019), Moriggi (2019)	Recombination	Cooperation	2	Convertibility of values
				Inclusion	1	Creation of common resources
				Individual needs	4	Ecosystem value interpretation
				Meaning making	2	Establishing communal markets
				Platform	3	Inclusion of ideas
				SI	1	Matchmaking platform
				Value	2	Overview of ecosystemic needs
						Platform value communication issues
						Transparent value flows

Research question	Initial code	Connections to established literature	Final thematic code	Connections to initial codes	No. of connections	Empirical constructs
Q1	(1) Social innovation	Canestrino et al. (2019); Esposito et al. (2012), Goldstein et al. (2010), Tung and Jordann (2017), Phillips et al. (2019), Chalmers (2013), Tsai et al. (2020), Lorne (2020), Krejčí and Šebestová (2018), Tortia et al. (2020), Pasricha and Rao (2018), Furmánska-Maruszak and Sudolska (2016), Vézina et al. (2019), Zaional et al. (2019), Katonáné Kovács et al. (2016), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Godói-de-Sousa and Valadão Júnior (2013), Moriggi (2019), Voltan and De Fuentes (2016), Kokko (2018)	Social innovation scaling	Individual needs	4	Building groups
Q1	(2) Inclusion	Goldstein et al. (2010), Phillips et al. (2019), Chalmers (2013), Lorne (2020), Krejčí and Šebestová (2018), Vézina et al. (2019), Zaional et al. (2019), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Voltan and De Fuentes (2016), Kokko (2018)		Meaning making	2	Exclusive inclusion
				Platform	4	Homogeneous membership
				Process	3	Meaning-driven commitment
				Recombination	3	Open-sourcing
				Social	2	Scaling by licensing
				Agent	2	Thresholds of inclusion
				Value	3
Q2	(3) Platform	Kullak et al. (2021), Tung and Jordann (2017), Chalmers (2013), Lorne (2020), Tortia et al. (2020), Zaional et al. (2019), Katonáné Kovács et al. (2016), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Godói-de-Sousa and Valadão Júnior (2013), Goldstein et al. (2010), Kokko (2018	Cooperative platforms	Inclusion	3	Adaptable governance
Q2	(4) Cooperation	Kokko (2018), Kullak et al. (2021), Phillips et al. (2019), Chalmers (2013), Godói-de-Sousa and Valadão Júnior (2013), Voltan and De Fuentes (2016), Katonáné Kovács et al. (2016)		Individual needs	4	Balance between standards and autonomy
				Process	4	Boundary-spanning operations
				Recombination	2	Involvement- and decision-making facilitation
				SI	2	Matchmaking platform
				Social	1	Platform maintenance cost
				Value	3	Platform replicability
						Project schematics
						Responsibilities based on flexible contracts
Q2	(5) Process	Tsai et al. (2020), Vézina et al. (2019), Zaional et al. (2019), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Godói-de-Sousa and Valadão Júnior (2013), Kokko (2018)	Value-creation process	Cooperation	2	Brand as a guarantee
Q2	(6) Value	European Commission (2017), Kokko (2018), Kullak et al. (2021), Phillips et al. (2019), Tsai et al. (2020), Zaional et al. (2019)		Inclusion	1	Facilitation of local activities
				Individual needs	1	Initial joint project harmonization
				Meaning making	1	Transparent processes
				Platform	2
				SI	1
Q3	(7) Factors related to social and communal aspects	Goldstein et al. (2010), Phillips et al. (2019), Tsai et al. (2020), Lorne (2020), Krejčí and Šebestová (2018), Tortia et al. (2020), Pasricha and Rao (2018), Furmánska-Maruszak and Sudolska (2016), Katonáné Kovács et al. (2016), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Godói-de-Sousa and Valadão Júnior (2013), Moriggi (2019)	Common needs	Cooperation	1	Building groups
Q3	(8) Individual needs	Kokko (2018), Canestrino et al. (2019), Chalmers (2013), Tsai et al. (2020), Lorne (2020), Tortia et al. (2020), Urban and Gaffurini (2018), Moriggi (2019)		Inclusion	5	Change-maker mentality
				Meaning making	1	Community-building schematics
				Platform	6	Creation of common resources
				Process	1	Development of members
				Recombination	2	Distance from the operative level
				SI	2	Divided focus
				Value	4	Ecosystem complexity as detriment
						Facilitating participation flow
						Focus on cohesive symbols
						High member fluctuation
						Horizontal decision-making
						Layered membership
						Matchmaking platform
						Merit-based responsibilities
						Missing personal communities
						Need for dedicated community management
						Providing basic individual needs
						Social value feedback
Q3	(9) Meaning making	Kokko (2018), Zaional et al. (2019), Moriggi (2019), Tsai et al. (2020)	Meanings	Individual needs	1	Conflicts of mission drift
				Platform	2	Creation of common resources
				Process	1	Elaboration of shared goals
				Social	1	Focus on flagship projects
				Value	1	Individual need of fulfillment
						Transparent value flows
Q3	(10) Recombination of resources	Fekete et al. (2017), European Commission (2017), Eiselein and Dentchev, 2020), Kokko (2018), Kullak et al. (2021), Esposito et al. (2012), Phillips et al. (2019), Chalmers (2013), Tortia et al. (2020), Vézina et al. (2019), Zaional et al. (2019), Moriggi (2019)	Recombination	Cooperation	2	Convertibility of values
				Inclusion	1	Creation of common resources
				Individual needs	4	Ecosystem value interpretation
				Meaning making	2	Establishing communal markets
				Platform	3	Inclusion of ideas
				SI	1	Matchmaking platform
				Value	2	Overview of ecosystemic needs
						Platform value communication issues
						Transparent value flows

Source: Own editing

[ViewLarge]

Sharing Unavailable