Table A2

Overview of included literature

PaperTimeframe of recordsSample size (# countries)MethodsFocus on health1Focus on economic poverty1Focus on inequality1Focus on access to education1Negative impact reported2
TitleAuthorYear
A different kind of war: The UN sanctions regime in Iraqvon Sponeck2022 1996–20031Quantitaive, Qualitativexx xYes
Cuba: confronting the US embargoSchwab1999 NN1Qualitativexx  Yes
Do International Sanctions Reduce Household and Government Consumption in Developing Countries?Williams2021 1996–201530Quantitative x  Mixed
Economic sanctions: a blunt instrument?Allen, Lektzian2013 1990–2007199Quantitativexx  Mixed
Economic warfare: sanctions, embargo busting, and their human costNaylor2001 NN Qualitativexx  Mixed
Employment effects of economic sanctions in IranMoghaddasi Kelishomi, Nisticò2022 2008–20141Quantitative x  Yes
Employment, Skill Upgrading, and International Trade : the Case of Sanctions Against IranNosratabadi2019 2001–20151Quantitative x  Yes
Evidence and policy implications of sanctions in the long run: the case of IranLaudati2023 1989–20191Quantitative xGenderxYes
Humanitarian impacts of economic sanctions on Iran and SyriaMoret2013 NN2Qualitative[x]   Yes
Identifying the Effects of Sanctions on the Iranian Economy Using Newspaper CoverageLaudati, Pesaran2023 1979–20211Quantitative xIncome, Gender[x]Yes
Impact of the 2017 sanctions on Venezuela - Revisiting the evidenceBahar, Bustos, Morales, Santos2019 2010–20181Qualitativexx  No
International sanctions and development: evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean (1950–2019)Gonzales2022 1950–201941Qualitative xIncome Yes
Sanctioned to Death? The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Life Expectancy and its Gender GapGutmann, Neuenkirch, Neumeier2021 1977–201298Quantitativex[x]Gender[x]Yes
Sanctioned to Starve? The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Food Security in Targeted StatesAfesorgbor2021 1990–201466Quantitativexx  Yes
The Effects of the Re-imposition of US Sanctions on Food Security in IranHejazi, Emamgholipour2022 2017–20191Quantitative x  Yes
The embargo as violation of human rightsBonati2002 NN Quantitativex   Yes
The human capital legacy of a trade embargoChakravarty, Parey, Wright2021 1996–20111Quantitativexx xMixed
The Impact of Sanctions on Household Welfare and Employment in IranSalehi-Isfahani2023 1984–20201Quantitative x  Yes
Children of Iran: born into a Middle-Income State, Caught Between War, Embargo and Rising Social IndicatorsYousefzadeh, Gassmann2012 1984–20091Quantitative  Gender Yes
Gender Aspect of Economic Sanctions : case Study of Women’s Economic Rights in IranTaheri, Lisaniler2018 1990–20161Qualitative, Quantitative xGender[x]Yes
Gendered effects of sanctions on manufacturing employment: evidence from IranDemir, Tabrizy2022 1995–20141Quantitative xGender Mixed
International sanctions and energy poverty in target developing countriesMoteng, Raghutla, Njangang, Nembot2023 1996–201997Quantitative xIncome Yes
An investigation of relationship between global economic sanction and life expectancy: do financial and institutional system matter?Ha, Nam2022 1995–2018148Quantitativex  [x]Yes
Challenge of Politico-Economic Sanctions on Pharmaceutical Procurement in Iran: a Qualitative StudyBastani, Dehghan, Kashfi, Dorosti, Mohammadpour, Mehralian2022 20191Qualitativex   Yes
Changing views on child mortality and economic sanctions in Iraq: a history of lies, damned lies and statistics.Dyson, Cetorelli2017 1974–20101Quantitativex   Yes
Civil War and Economic Sanctions: analysis of Anthropometric Outcomes in BurundiBundervoet, Verwimp2005 1993–19981Quantitativexx [x]Yes
COVID-19 and Sanctions Affecting Afghans in IranShafaei, Block2022  1Qualitativex[x]  Yes
Dental caries experience and availability of sugars in Iraqi children before and after the United Nations sanctionsJamel, Plasschaert, Sheiham2004 1989–19951Quantitativex[x]  Mixe
Drug adherence of patients with epilepsy in Iran: the effects of the international economic sanctionsAsadi-Pooya, Tavana, Tavana, Emami2016 2010–20111Quantitativex   Yes
The impact of the economic crisis and the US embargo on health in CubaGarfield, Santana1997 1980–19961Quantitativex  xYes
The Impact of Economlic Sanctions on Health and Human Rights in Haiti, 1991-1994Gibbons, Garfield1999 1991–19941Quantitativexx xMixed
Hapatitis B infection among Iraqi children: The impact of sanctionsAli2004 1994–19981Quantitativex   Yes
Impact of economic sanctions on access to noncommunicable diseases medicines in the Islamic Republic of IranKheirandish, Varahrami, Kebriaeezade, Cheraghali2018 2008–20131Quantitativex   Yes
Impact of sanctions on the population of IraqPopal2000 1988–19991Quantitativex   Yes
Impact of the economic sanctions on duodenal ulcer in IraqAl Jawher1997 1989–19931Quantitativex   Yes
Impacts of the international economic sanctions on Iranian patients with epilepsyAsadi-Pooya, Azizimalamiri, Badv, Yarali, Asadollahi, Homayoun, Sharifi2019 20191Qualitativex   Yes
International Sanctions and the Procurement of Medical Equipment in Iran: a Qualitative StudyAzami, Hosseini, Alimohammadzadeh, Jafari, Bahadori2021 2018–20191Qualitativex   Yes
Nutritional status of Haitian children, 1978–1995: deleterious consequences of political instability and international sanctionsMulder-Sibanda1998 1978–19941Quantitativex   Yes
Physical rehabilitation in Iran after international sanctions: explored findings from a qualitative studyShahabi, Teymourlouy, Shabaninejad, Kamali, Lankarani, Mojgani2020 20191Qualitativex   Yes
Sanctions and their impacts on medical trade and health outcomesMiromanova2023 1988–202167Quantitativex[x]Gender[x]Yes
Secular trend of infant mortality rate during wars and sanctions in Western IraqAl-Ani, Al-Hiali, Al-Farraji2011 1987–20101Quantitativex Gender Yes
Relationship between Political-Economic Sanctions and Catastrophic Health Costs in Multiple Sclerosis Patients in IranGharibi, Imani, Haghi, Dalal2022 2018–20191Quantitativex[x] [x]Yes
The effect of an international embargo on malnutrition and childhood mortality in rural HaitiReid, Psoter, Gebrian, Wang2007 1989–19961Quantitativex   Yes
The effect of economic sanctions on the mortality of Iraqi children prior to the 1991 Persian Gulf WarDaponte, Garfield2000 19911Quantitativex Gender Yes
The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Health and Well-beingGarfield1999 1992–19943Quantitativexx  Yes
The Impact of the Sanctions Made Against Iran on Availability to Asthma Medicines in TehranGhiasi, Rashidian, Kebriaeezadeh, Salamzadehd2016 2012–20131Quantitativex   Yes
The impacts of economic sanctions on the performance of hospitals in Iran: implications for human rightsKarami Matin, Soltani, Byford, Soofi, Rezaei, Kazemi-Karyani, Hosseini, Tolouei Rakhshan2022 2019–20201Qualitativex   Yes
The politics of suffering: the impact of the US Embargo on the health of the Cuban people: report to the American public health association of a fact-finding trip to Cuba, June 6-11, 1993Kuntz, Jackson1994 19931Qualitativexx  Yes
Better for whom? Sanction type and the gendered consequences for womenPerry2022 (1990–2014)84Quantitative xGenderxYes
On Some Aspects and Consequences of the Impact of Anti-Russian Sanctions on Vocational Education in the Russian FederationGolovina, Arakelyan, Kara-Kazaryan, Tkacheva, Totskaya2021 2014–20181Qualitative x xMixed
The intergenerational effects of economic sanctionsMoeeni2021 1995–20151Quantitative x xYes
Sectarianism, sanctions and invasion: the challenge of promoting educational equality in IraqMiles, Alborz2014 20101Qualitative   xYes

Note(s): 1[x]: not included in dependent variables but considered (e.g. as control variable), 2Mixed: Adverse effects reported for some dependent variables / study populations but not all

Source(s): Table by author

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