Table 1

Collision detection method based on the force/torque sensorless

Collision detection methodAdvantageDisadvantage
1. The static threshold method
Based on Nonintelligent algorithms (De Luca and Mattone, 2005)– Simple threshold– Limited range
– Invalid occasion
Based on intelligent algorithms (Park et al., 2020)– Detection performance moderate– Data set need
– Much calculation
2. The dynamic threshold method
Based on nonintelligent algorithms (Zhang et al., 2021)– Detection performance high
– Real-time
– Invalid occasion
Based on intelligent algorithms (Zhang et al., 2023)– Detection performance high– Data set need
– Much calculation
Source: Authors’ own work

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